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For Calliban re GW Johnson design of innovative Mars lander.
By any chance, do you know of software that can be used to calculate force flows in a three dimensional structure?
I assume NASA must have developed software to model force flows in vehicles, but I don't know what might be available to the public.
GW is considering some possibilities that (certainly ** I ** have never seen) will put hardware to extreme stress, while at the same time that hardware has to be as light as possible since the goal is to put NASA's 40 tons on the surface without losing ** any ** mass along the way.
That latter goal is GW's... NASA itself has never tried to do anything that demanding. They are happy to get to the ground and don't mind dropping off hardware along the way. GW is attempting to design a family of vehicles that will put 40 tons on (or near) the ground without spreading mass along the flight path.
You have described a number of structures that deal with force that is relatively static, but your wind mill definitely deals with dynamic forces.
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For Calliban re post: https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 53#p240553
Would the kinds of compression design you described do better in earthquakes?
I would imagine there might be some benefit, but perhaps it is not significant?
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For Calliban re https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 89#p240589
Thanks for reminder of the value of height for an observatory on Mars.
One small comment about your post about lighter than air ... helium has been used for US commercial lighter-than-air vehicles because the US has a supply. My understanding is that hydrogen is still used for scientific purposes, because it costs less and lifts higher.
To the best of my knowledge there has been no commercial l-t-a vehicle in the US since Hindenburg.
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For Calliban re topic on Maglev Launch from the Moon....
I found your topic from 2022 while searching for topics that might be related to Void's description of a horizontal SpinLaunch system that would work on the Moon.
Since neither Void nor I are engineers, the practical design of a horizontal spin launch system remains available for the right person.
I am wondering if the technology to implement Void's idea might be actually simpler to implement than Dr. O'Neill's original idea, or even the maglev system you described in your 2022 topic.
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For Calliban re video of study of housing and related infrastructure in the US and many other Nations...
https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 63#p240863
Thank you for making the link to this video available. I watched the first 30 minutes and felt well rewarded for the time spent.
There are well designed neighborhoods in the US, but the Japanese and European models are definitely rare here, outside of the cities that were put into place before World War II. It seemed to me that the creators of the video understood the desire of Americans to own land. That drive has been a strong force since the beginning of the European infiltration of the landscape centuries ago. My understanding is that the British system of inheritance drove second sons to settle in the US because land was available, and not just corner lots. That psychological force seems to to have persisted and possibly even grown.
The level of intelligence brought to planning seems to me to have varied quite a bit. The exclusion of blacks from Levittown was given it's appropriate attention, since we have some Americans who have managed to grow up without knowledge of the practices reflected in that one incident.
The video notes the coincidence of the development of car centered neighborhoods with the development of the automobile itself in the US.
I think it is not at all surprising that Americans would have embraced the automobile as they did, and to have taken advantage of the freedom it provides.
My sense of the situation is that Americans will invent their way out of this mess. It will definitely be interesting to follow developments. The current hints of air delivered packages may show a possible solution to the 71 year old lady's dead battery problem, but transition to all electric vehicles may occur at the same time. EV's don't eliminate the dead battery problem, but at least the fuel is close at hand.
The video talks about education funding, and that has been an issue since Europeans first arrived in this fully occupied land.
I am one of the few Americans who attended a one room school. I walked a mile and a half to that one room school. I have no idea how it was funded, but I'm assuming there must have been a structure in place at the County level. The consolidation of schools must have occurred as a direct result of the development of gasoline powered buses to pick up all us farm kids. My parents dealt with the problem by moving into the town where the new consolidated school was built. They rented until they were able to afford one of those small homes build on the outskirts of a growing city, just as the Video described. We didn't have city water or sewer when we moved in. We did have electricity and telephone, and city water arrived shortly. it took a while for sewer to show up. Now the city has grown far beyond that neighborhood, and a new huge highschool is just half a mile away, on former farm land.
Just as the video described, my folks lived in that house until the mortgage was paid off, and because of increasing home values in the American system, they were able to buy a nice brick home in a nearby city. I noted the decreasing home values concept in the Japanese system the video described. The Japanese must have another way to build income for retirement.
I come back to my original idea .... the American desire to own land is as strong today as ever, but I recognize that the new generation may no longer feel that need as strongly.
Thanks again for the link to that video. The ads are the price we must pay for decent scholarship.
I doubt very much Americans will change dramatically over coming years, but the pressures of having to deal with the consequences of increased global population are inevitably going to force change of some kind.
Since you are an advocate of increased supply of energy, I do expect to see increased development of Small Nuclear Reactors, and eventually I expect there will be one where a coal or gas fired plant exists today.
Local politicians are talking about requiring an SMR for data centers. I kid you not! In the region where I live, competition for top level political offices is intense, and data centers are right in the cross hairs. One of the candidates (or a spokesperson) have openly tossed out the idea of requiring data centers to provide their own power but (as a sweetener for neighbors) a supply of electricity.
Abundant power would help to ease many of the woes of citizens here, and most likely elsewhere in the US, and around the world.
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For Calliban re liquid air as coolant for data centers ...
In this post, I am thinking about your career field and many of the posts you have contributed to this forum over the years.
This idea comes to you as a result of conversation I've been having with a relative who is in the Real Estate business in Arizona.
This particular relative shares with me an interest in at least ** trying ** to address the water shortages that are faced by his neighbors, as the Colorado River dries up.
Data Centers are of great interest to the US population these days. Most communities don't want them for several reasons, but their need for supplies of fresh water for cooling is a major concern.
It came to me that liquid air can be used as a coolant. The idea was discussed at some length in a new topic about a possible fire shelter for use in fire prone areas. It turned out that 350 gallons of liquid air could keep a family of four secure and even comfortable for a week.
Liquid air requires a supply of power, and that can come from solar cells, which are now manufactured in massive numbers both in the US and overseas.
The key insight that came to me is that such a plant needs a way to siphon off thermal energy released as air is compressed, and the oceans are reservoirs of sufficient size to handle anything mere humans might throw at them.
Thus, the business opportunity is to make liquid air and to deliver it by truck or railroad to wherever it its needed.
What I'm hoping you might be willing to provide is some math to show how practical (or impractical) such an idea might be.
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For Calliban re explanation and image of a "Shell World".
Void added the word "Crustal" to the topic...
The topic could have been about "Shell Worlds" and there is (apparently) a great deal of literature about that concept.
Void appears to have something else in mind...
Do you have any idea what Void is thinking about?
As an example of confusion that can occur...
Perhaps Void is thinking about a "Shell World" that is built on the "Crust" of a planet or similar large object.
In the case of Mars, as nearly as I can tell, that would mean there would be a roof over the entire planet, perhaps like a circus tent, with tall poles holding up the canvas that would then stretch all the way around the planet. That would certainly help keep dust storms from forming.
A roof around the entire planet would help to improve air pressure over time, although not very much because there would be so many leak points.
Such a roof would also keep things dark unless transparent sections are included.
Still, there might be advantages to such a system.
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For Calliban re Welcome to Tan and new post in fusion topic https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 94#p240994
Thank you for your welcome to Tan from LK Cokoino!
And! Thank you for your simultaneous post on Deuterium-Tritium fusion!
https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 94#p240994
LK Cokoino is in the robotics EDUCATION business, and I have reported my experiences with one of their products.
My hope is that this forum might help to encourage education of young people about robots in general, and then about ones that are going to play important rolls in development of fusion power as you described, and construction of habitats on Mars.
My expectation is that no humans at all will be involved in setting up livable volumes on Mars. With advances in robotics and communications, there is no need for a human to set foot on the planet until habitats and supporting infrastructure are complete.
If there is anyone in the UK who might be interested in robotics education, we are potentially in position to help with hosting of posts to assist students or teachers or employers for that matter.
We were joined recently by two US educators who are in possession of the LK Cokoino CKK0017 robot kit.
I am working on an interface between the Cokoino CKK0017 gamepad controller and a LynxMotion robot arm.
LynxMotion is manufactured and distributed by another education oriented company.
The documentation of the CKK0017 kit and the supporting software are first rate.
Tan has been generous with his time (and patience) in support of my efforts.
My hope is that members of this forum will help with this education effort, to encourage young people to embark upon the long journey to become robotics engineers or leaders in related fields such as business management.
Thank you again for your Welcome to Tan!
You can learn a bit more about LK Cokoino at https://Cokoino.com
LK Cokoino has a store on Amazon. There is a direct link to the store that I will try to remember to add to this post.
Link here >>
Update: I am happy to report that LK Cokoino is in the process of creating a new category of product based upon their CKK0017 kit.
The new product will be called CKK0024, and it will consist of the gamepad controller and a power supply. The is the configuration I am using to control the LynxMotion via a Raspberry Pi 5.
If all goes well, this forum has potential to become a repository of knowledge about a variety of robotics systems, and the language conventions that support them.
For example, the LynxMotion is controlled by a simplified "language" that is designed for the PWM Pulse Width Modulation motors that are popular in many inexpensive systems, including model airplanes, boats and vehicles of many kinds.
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For Calliban re Louis ....
Thanks for your question...
My recollection is that Mars_B4_Moon arrived back on the scene for one of his periodic intense periods of activity.
I recall seeing a message from Louis that I read as suggesting the two gents could not share the same forum.
In any case, Louis stopped participating and eventually Mars_B4_Moon ran out of energy so now both are gone.
If you are curious you can look at the last posts by Louis.
The User List provides a way to see everyone's posts that survive. I offer that qualification because the forum has suffered injury over it's 25 year lifetime, but I think Louis' record may be largely intact.
To see anyone's posts, call up the User List, Enter the name of the member, and click Submit.
The name of the member will appear in the User List (assuming there is a name that matches what you entered)
In the case of Louis, we see a total of 7,208 posts with a Registration date of 2008-03-24
You can click on the member name to see a page with a few details, including Posts.
In the case of Louis we see 7,208
I think the default display is descending order by date.
In the case of Louis, the most recent post was in 2022.
In that one, Louis was replying to Calliban.
Interesting ... I don't see anything along the lines I remember about a dispute with Mars_B4_Moon.
We may never know, since if something ** did ** happen to Louis, there is no mechanism in place for us to find out.
2008 to 2022 ... that is a good run. RobertDyck is one of our longest participating members.
Recently we heard from Clark who joined in the very beginning of the forum (as recorded in the surviving archive).
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its there but short, answer was Louis was upset that old topics were being draw up rather than creating new.
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For Calliban re post with link to paper about Jean's escape vs hydrodynamic ...
Thank you for the link to that interesting NASA paper from 2011. The paper mentioned looking forward to the New Horizons flyby of Pluto.
Mission Timeline
Launch Date: January 19, 2006
Journey Length: Nine and a half years
Closest Approach: July 14, 2015, at 11:49 UTC
Distance at Flyby: 12,500 kilometers (7,800 miles) above the surface
The scientific discoveries made during the flyby
The next destination of the spacecraft Wikipedia
New Horizons - Wikipedia
On January 15, 2015, the spacecraft began its approach phase to Pluto. On July 14, 2015, at 11:49 UTC, it flew 12,500 km (7,800 mi...Show all
It would be interesting to see how the results of the flyby observations were evaluated by the study team.
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From Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto
Early data suggested that Pluto's atmosphere loses 10E27–10E28 molecules (50–500 kg) of nitrogen per second, an amount corresponding to the loss of a surface layer of volatile ices several hundred meters or several kilometers thick during the lifetime of the Solar System.[6][9][49] However, subsequent data from New Horizons revealed that this figure was overestimated by at least four orders of magnitude; Pluto's atmosphere is currently losing only 1×10E23 molecules of nitrogen and 5×10E25 molecules of methane every second. This presumes a loss of several centimeters of nitrogen ice and several dozen meters of methane ice during the lifetime of the Solar System.[2]
I will put atmospheric data from Pluto into my model and see how escape rate compares. I suspect that at very low temperatures, van der waals forces tend to cluster molecules together. This would dramatically reduce their mean velocity.
Three factors are important for human purposes:
1. A thin atmosphere on a small body would still be useful.
2. Humans can reduce leakage using magnetic and electric fields.
3. A million years is a long time to humans. Leakage over geological times may be huge, but small over a human lifetime.
Last edited by Calliban (2026-08-29 10:13:11)
"Plan and prepare for every possibility, and you will never act. It is nobler to have courage as we stumble into half the things we fear than to analyse every possible obstacle and begin nothing. Great things are achieved by embracing great dangers."
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For Calliban re new post in Acetate Manufacture ...
https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 28#p241328
Thank you for your support of this new topic.
We've been given a current price of $340 (or so) per ton of acetate for biological applications.
The product is produced from ground sourced material so is not what is needed for the Mars case.
In the spirit of the category, can you imagine a small (farm sized) plant that makes one of various substances you listed using solar or wind power and molecules available locally?
In the absence of practical knowledge, I can imagine a small plant able to accumulate a ton of high quality (pure) material over a period of time such as a year.
That idea may not be practical in the Real Universe.
On the other hand, Nature has figured out how to create gigantic trees on a long time scale.
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For Calliban re Post in Hydrogen topic ... https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 80#p241380
Thank you for this timely update!
I am hoping RobertDyck will benefit from this discovery, along with other Canadians.
I note that the output of a power plant such as you described would be pure water.if the nitrogen and suspended matter in the air used for oxidizer are kept out of the distilled product.
Pure water is an asset in it's own right. Something to consider is separation of Deuterium from Protium as it flows from the combustion process. I checked with CoPilot and it decided using established Heavy Water separation techniques is a better bet than trying to separate the isotopes while they are in gaseous form.
The Heavy Water could be held as long as necessary while the world waits for fusion to arrive.
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Recruiting High Value members for NewMars.com/forums, in association with the Mars Society
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For Calliban re post on Acetate ...
It is good to see your ID back on the board! Things have been quiet around here ...
The work you are doing seems valuable to me on multiple fronts.
If you know someone who you think would be interested in helping you develop this inquiry, please consider inviting them to help out.
We are down to about five active members, and on a day when everyone is busy with other activities, things get quiet around here.
FYI ... GW Johnson is hard at work designing a lander for Mars that will not drop anything on the heads of folks already on the ground. Since no one on Earth has designed such a lander, it is proving to be quite challenging.
However, the ** secret sauce ** (aside from aerospace engineering) is some slick mechanical engineering that GW has not yet designed.
We know what this system is supposed to do, but now how it is going to do it in the two or three seconds it needs to work perfectly.
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For Calliban re post in Orion topic...
We then bombard the pellet with muons
Update: I went back and re-read your post in 2024 (https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 19#p223119)
In that post you covered my first two questions.
How are muons made?
Can they be directed towards the target?
It appears that the benefit of muon production is their ability to encourage production of fast neutrons during their brief lifetime.
Unless I missed something, that leaves this question still available for development.
How is the energy produced by the fusion/fission reaction harnessed?
The original Orion concept (for which this topic is set up) achieved momentum transfer by accelerating inert mass toward the pusher plate, and in an equal amount toward the rear of the vessel.
This was a simple Newtonian propulsion system.
How does the system you described work?
I remain interested in your exploration of this concept, and hope it might lead to a practical propulsion method.
The size of the original Orion propulsion system was dictated by the physics of the time. Small fission bombs were proven practical, so they were enlisted for the Orion project, but they were still large enough to require a massive pusher plate and a vessel of corresponding mass.
Your discussion of pellet sized fission/fusion packages implies that a vessel could have a much smaller pusher plate and therefore mass.
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For Calliban re Muons ...
I gave Gemini copies of your post from 2024 about Muons and your recent post in the Orion topic. Here is it's replay:
Evaluation of the Muon-Driven Hybrid Micro-Pellet Drive
Your forum member has put forward a remarkably creative and detailed proposal. By blending muon-catalyzed fusion (MCF), inertial confinement fusion (ICF), and a micro-fission "spark plug" core, this concept reads very much like hard science fiction—specifically aiming for that elusive "Epstein Drive" archetype of high thrust, high ISP, and clean operation.
Here is an evaluation of the physics, mechanics, and challenges presented in the post:
1. The Core Mechanics and Physics
Fission Fragment Range: The member's calculation regarding fragment range is solid. Fission fragments (such as those from uranium or plutonium fission) typically travel about 10 micrometers (0.01 mm) in dense fuel. Keeping the central fissile core under 0.01 mm ensures that the ~80 MeV fragments can escape the core and deposit their kinetic energy directly into the surrounding fusion fuel (like LiD or D-T).
The Spark Plug Mechanism: Using high-energy fission fragments to rapidly heat surrounding fusion fuel to the keV temperature range is a clever way to bypass the massive external laser/driver requirements of traditional ICF. If energy transfer is efficient, it could indeed trigger a localized detonation wave.
Mass Ratios: Using a tiny fraction of heavy metal (1 part in 100,000) keeps the bulk of the pellet mass as lighter fusion fuel, preserving the high specific impulse (ISP) advantage over pure fission systems.
2. The Muon Catalyst Challenge
Energy Overhead: While muons effectively catalyze fusion at lower thermal temperatures by binding hydrogen nuclei closer together, producing them requires high-energy particle accelerators operating in the hundreds of MeV range. Keeping the overall propulsion system net-positive while continuously generating and injecting muons remains a severe engineering bottleneck.
Muon Sticking: As noted in the background post, muons tend to "stick" to alpha particles after roughly 100 to 350 cycles, removing them from the catalytic loop. For a rapid-fire pulse drive, replacing or freeing these muons at high repetition rates adds immense system complexity.
3. The Atmospheric Cleanliness Claim
Radiological Concerns: The member suggests that because uranium accounts for only 1 part in 100,000 of the pellet mass, the fission fallout would be negligible—perhaps even less than atmospheric argon neutron activation.
The Reality Check: While the mass of fission products is tiny, fission creates highly toxic, biologically active radioactive isotopes (such as strontium-90, cesium-137, and iodine-131). Even a minuscule fraction of a percent of uncontained fission products expelled directly into the atmosphere during continuous rocket flight would face insurmountable regulatory, environmental, and safety hurdles for atmospheric use.
Conclusion
This proposal is a brilliant intellectual exercise that bridges sub-atomic catalysis with macro-scale propulsion. The micro-scale physics of fragment escape and fusion heating are internally consistent, but the dual hurdles of muon generation efficiency and the open-atmosphere release of fission products mean it remains firmly in the realm of speculative advanced engineering rather than an imminent reality.
It's not clear to me why anyone would consider a nuclear propulsion system for atmosphere use. I understand that the Orion engineers seriously considered using bomlets to lift great mass from the Earth to Orbit, but those ideas eventually yielded to the benefits of using this method for deep space propulsion, where byproducts are dispersed.
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For Calliban re Muon propulsion idea ...
I've taken your idea about as far as I can with Gemini... If you are interested in working with me and with Gemini to develop your idea into either a working ship or (more likely) specification of research needed... please consider how we might be able to advance this discussion:
Thank you for helping us by attempting to render your reply in BBCode that will run on our elderly forum! Please note that we cannot display anything modern ... please show equations and formulae in text. Do we have enough information to know if our member's idea will work in the Real Universe? To my knowledge, no one on Earth has achieved a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Is a test rig needed? If so, can one be built on Earth? Please remember to reply in BBCode with text for equations and Chemical or Physical terms.
Fusion on Earth: Feasibility and Test Rigs
Do we have enough information about the member's idea?
We do not yet have the specific details of the member's proposed fusion concept. To determine if a particular mechanism will work in the Real Universe, we would need to review their specific parameters, fuel cycle (such as Deuterium-Tritium), and confinement method (such as magnetic or inertial confinement).Can fusion work in the Real Universe?
Yes, nuclear fusion is the fundamental energy source powering stars throughout the universe. On Earth, controlled fusion is an active field of research. While experimental facilities have successfully produced fusion reactions and achieved scientific breakeven (net energy output relative to input laser energy), a continuously operating, self-sustaining (ignited) commercial reactor is still an ongoing engineering challenge.Is a test rig needed and can it be built on Earth?
Is a test rig needed? Yes. Theoretical models and computer simulations are vital, but physical experimentation is strictly necessary to understand complex plasma instabilities, magnetohydrodynamics, and material degradation under extreme neutron flux.
Can one be built on Earth? Yes. Numerous experimental test rigs and reactors have been built and operated on Earth. Prominent examples include large international magnetic confinement projects like ITER in France, inertial confinement facilities like the National Ignition Facility in the United States, and various private sector prototypes.
What are the specific parameters, fuel types, or confinement methods proposed in your member's fusion idea?
As I re-read this reply I recognize the signs of poor memory transfer between instances. In order to address the Muon question I had to upgrade to something called "linear" and in the process I seem to have lost the context of the discussion. Never-the-less, I am willing to pursue the question of feasibility to see if anything useful can be drawn from this resource.
Update: I went back and learned that "linear" is a third party collaboration tool for large corporations. I asked Gemini to stop using it for NewMarsMember and it agreed, so I think we are back to normal. I would like to pursue your idea (if you are willing) to see if we can imagine/visualize a ship able to operate in the mode you have described. It appears that a linear accelerator may be the best means of delivering the precise protons you need, and a 5000 ton ship can certainly have a length compatible with a linear accelerator. The quantity of protons is a question. The force delivered by the pellet is a function of the quantity of fusion material that can be packed into the volume. It would be best to use Deuterium Deuterium from a supply perspective but the alternatives you have identified may be far more attractive for power production.
As I understand your idea, the pellet would be manufactured with materials that can achieve fusion when struck by protons of the correct energy, and a linear accelerator could (presumably) deliver those.
The system needs to produce power as well as thrust.
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For Calliban re Void suggestion to dump datacenter heat into geothermal wells...
https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 51#p241751
Please evaluate this proposal. It seems reasonable to me on the face, but it will take the analysis of an engineer to determine if it makes economic sense.
As I understand it, datacenters are being built where power is available and Internet cables are abundant.
The geothermal well would have to be dug in most locations where datacenters are going.
The concept Void offers would require pumping of hot water down the well, in hopes of receiving cool or cold water back. Since geothermal wells are normally thought of as a source of heat, it might be a special kind of well that is needed for datacenter cooling.
Or perhaps the hot liquid from the surface can be cooled to the geothermal hot level, and the difference used to cool the datacenter.
In any case, this is another idea that deserves review.
You have warned us many times that the Earth is a poor conductor of heat, so i will be surprised if Void's idea would work, but perhaps it will. The need for cooling datacenters is a politically active topic, and there might be some favorable response to an article in an appropriate journal advocating an experiment.
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For Calliban ....
This next is possibly a surprising request, but I'm passing it along in hopes you might find it interesting...
A grandfather of my acquaintance has a grandson (about 5th grade) who asked a question about capturing heat to charge an electronic device.
The immediate response might be to answer the immediate question. However, I see an opportunity to (possibly) catch this young persons at a moment when the foundation of a career as an engineer or scientist might be set. I thought of suggesting reading about pioneers of thermodynamics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, some of the brightest minds alive on Earth became active in study of thermodynamics, and practical application of the principles discovered.
I am thinking of Carnot in physics and Watt in engineering, but I'm sure there are many others.
For a 5th grader, can you suggest names to investigate that would lead toward gaining insight toward answering the question himself?
PS ... the parents forbid use of AI assistants.
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capturing heat to charge an electronic device.
This is a more complex question as you need to know output power level, how its created by conversion process.
There are lots of methods to create heat, several good to poor methods to store...
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Try Thomas Johann Seebeck, the discovered of the Seebeck effect. This is probably the easiest way of using waste heat to generate electrical power.
"Plan and prepare for every possibility, and you will never act. It is nobler to have courage as we stumble into half the things we fear than to analyse every possible obstacle and begin nothing. Great things are achieved by embracing great dangers."
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For Calliban!
Thanks for the excellent suggestion!
The inquiry comes in from AstroCello who joined the forum recently.
I'll let you know what happens, or AstroCello might post something.
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For Calliban ...
Thank you again for your suggestion of a scientist to study in a campaign to learn about heat and generation of electricity.
***
Thanks too, for your description of a very interesting air conditioning idea.
https://newmars.com/forums/viewtopic.ph … 20#p241820
If you mentioned how your system would admit air to the top of the water fall, I missed it. I'm assuming a little 12 volt air pump might do the job. You mentioned lifting water with a 12 volt pump.
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The flowing water creates a pressure drop, which sucks air through pipes immersed in the water, parallel to the water stream. No air pump is needed. The water pump does all the work. The flowrate needs to be sufficient to create the pressure drop needed to draw air into the water stream and overcome the buoyancy of the air bubbles. I need to calculate how much rise the trompe needs on this basis. One thing I learned from previous projects: it is better to spend more time in the design phase than to modify an existing design. So don't build until absolutely sure that the design and specs are correct.
Last edited by Calliban (2026-09-30 11:50:24)
"Plan and prepare for every possibility, and you will never act. It is nobler to have courage as we stumble into half the things we fear than to analyse every possible obstacle and begin nothing. Great things are achieved by embracing great dangers."
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