Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-08-16 17:44:02

Going to Pluto, Uranus, Neptune the Moon of Saturn Titan or Europa a Moon of Jupiter will take time.

More than 2 years to Mars, the Mars oppositions happen about every 26 months.

These NASA technologies will deliver us to Mars
https://insights.globalspec.com/article … us-to-mars
From powerful rockets to nanotechnology

The US government is taking a serious step toward space-based nuclear propulsion
https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/07/n … our-years/
"NASA is looking to go to Mars with this system."

Four years from now, if all goes well, a nuclear-powered rocket engine will launch into space for the first time. The rocket itself will be conventional, but the payload boosted into orbit will be a different matter.

Is THIS the key to getting to Mars quicker?
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech … lanet.html
NASA and DARPA are working on a nuclear rocket that could take humans to Mars much faster - dramatically reducing the current seven-month journey

DARPA and NASA had first hoped to launch the NTR by 2027, but have since moved that target launch window forward to as early as 2025.

Nasa gives update on first crewed moon mission in more than 50 years
https://www.independent.co.uk/space/nas … 89738.html

New Class of Bimodal NTP/NEP with a Wave Rotor Topping Cycle Enabling Fast Transit to Mars
https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/space … f_Bimodal/

'China is considering a nuclear-powered mission to Neptune'
https://phys.org/news/2022-07-china-nuc … ptune.html

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2023-08-17 06:45:00)

Oldfart1939 · 2023-08-19 09:53:46

One other possibility for the Jovian moon missions is a departure from a Mars colony. In that case, the total travel time to Callisto would be reduced to a more reasonable level. Nuclear Thermal propulsion departing from Mars orbit coupled with nuclear electric thrusters could conceivably reduce the travel time to maybe a 2 year journey there and a similar return voyage? This would necessitate a very large spacecraft to bring along enough food, water, and oxygen. A larger crew would be required in order to maintain something of a social network for combatting psychological issues.

tahanson43206 · 2023-08-19 16:12:31

For Oldfart1939 re #27

First, nice to see you back after the recent unscheduled outage!

Second, your post is a nice segway to RobertDyck's "Large Ship"

It is possible you've looked at some of the posts in that topic, but I'm guessing not because otherwise you would have mentioned it.

The ship RobertDyck is designing has a nominal capacity of 1060 for a two year flight. It does not have to carry that many people and for an expedition of five years I would expect it to have a few hundred folks at most. It provides Mars gravity and Mars standard atmosphere, and numerous amenities for a comfortable stay in a mobile hotel.

(th)

Void · 2023-08-19 21:23:14

Oldfart1939,

Quote:

One other possibility for the Jovian moon missions is a departure from a Mars colony. In that case, the total travel time to Callisto would be reduced to a more reasonable level. Nuclear Thermal propulsion departing from Mars orbit coupled with nuclear electric thrusters could conceivably reduce the travel time to maybe a 2 year journey there and a similar return voyage? This would necessitate a very large spacecraft to bring along enough food, water, and oxygen. A larger crew would be required in order to maintain something of a social network for combatting psychological issues.

I am also glad to see you here again.

That makes sense to me having a similar capability could also get us to larger Outer Asteroid Belt objects.

Done.

Last edited by Void (2023-08-19 21:25:23)

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-08-20 03:59:40

Setting up a supply route with departure Asteroids or from a Mars colony seems like a very logical step. Also perhaps nations or space agency would consider use of the Lagrange points and to set up a solar system wide communication system could be done during a study of Jupiter Trojans. Perhaps a reactor would be parked on an Asteroid or Satellite in Orbit of an Asteroid or maybe as a spot to relay communication, setting up an interconnected e-mail and radio as Jupiter is on the opposite side of the Sun. It is thought you can make plastics at these Asteroids, rich in Tholins or Hydrocarbons as speculated when New Horizons studied another body 'Arrokoth'. The Trojan Asteroids might be more Comet like than Irony Asteroids, they are in orbit at Jupiter's stable Lagrange points: either L4, existing 60° ahead of the planet in its orbit, or L5, 60° behind. I know JWST makes great pretty pictures that show it can to more stunning images than Hubble but perhaps using JWST Spectroscopy to study these Asteroids would be of great help to future colonization of the Solar system, some of the Trojans families were found in the early 1900s from telescope on Earth and somehow JWST even managed to study Jupiter even though it was thought to be 'Too Bright' so the Torjans should be well within the abilities of JWST, the Asteroid 'Hektor' is the largest 225 km or 139.8 miles in Diameter, the Asteroids might contain anhydrous silicates, or possibly compositions with water ice, there is speculation of the presence of organics in these Asteroids, they might be closer to the composition to Comets or they may have magnesium-rich silicates, they are an unknown as of today but the Trojans could help support the Jupiter system.

There was a 'madness' Ballistic Trajectory of 840 days

https://web.archive.org/web/20211009031 … ectory.pdf

'Juno' is currently in orbit and soon there will be both a ESA and NASA mission en-route, both dedicated to study of the Moons. We have a number of Jupiter/Galilean-satellite threads on newmars

Spacedaily had an interesting article

The Road to Jupiter: Two decades of trajectory optimization
https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/The_ … n_999.html

The intricate multi-body dynamic environment stemming from Jupiter and its four prominent Galilean moons complicates trajectory design and optimization. Coupled with the formidable radiation surrounding Jupiter and spacecraft's limited fuel, these challenges necessitate advanced and intricate design solutions.

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2023-08-21 19:14:51)

Void · 2023-08-20 11:51:01

I don't want to offend the "Old Guard" by taking over this thread. I kind of am thinking of Pykrete for places 3 AU or more.

I may discuss that more in Terraforming.

Done.

Last edited by Void (2023-08-20 12:34:01)

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-10-07 06:10:14

Mars, Moon, Callisto or Jupiter?

China's three streams of lunar and deep space exploration programs in the next 3 decades.

https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/statu … 9942866019

Also 'Mars Research Station' and Tianwen-X for Uranus or Neptune?

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-11-27 07:42:27

Flying in Titan's atmosphere and Landing Truck sized payloads on worlds like Titan or Europa?

Watch this Jupiter moon lander handle harsh terrain it may face on Europa
https://news.yahoo.com/watch-jupiter-mo … 01436.html

NASA Tests a Prototype Europa Lander
https://www.viva.co.id/english/1659877- … opa-lander

Dragonfly Team Debuts Johns Hopkins APL’s Newest Environmental Test Chamber
https://www.jhuapl.edu/news/news-releas … an-chamber

'Our Moon Isn't The Only Moon'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o33NZIlfKys

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2023-11-27 07:44:55)

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-11-28 14:34:56

At the OPAG meeting just now, NASA's Lori Glaze confirms that ongoing budget uncertainty has pushed back the confirmation of the Dragonfly mission to Titan until after the release of the FY25 President's Budget Request in mid-2024.
https://twitter.com/theplanetaryguy/sta … 8821562565
NASA estimates a new launch date of July 2028.

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-12-01 13:54:28

it could go in one of the Oceans Explored - but why not colonized topics

'Should We Send Humans to Europa?'
https://www.universetoday.com/164586/sh … to-europa/

Universe Today recently examined the potential for sending humans to the planet Venus despite its extremely harsh surface conditions. But while a human mission to the clouds of Venus could be feasible given the environmental conditions are much more Earth-like, a human mission to the second planet from the Sun could be (at minimum) decades away. With NASA sending humans back to the Moon in the next few years, and hopefully to Mars, what if we could send humans to another planetary body worth exploring, though it could have its own harsh environmental conditions, as well? What about Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa? It has a massive interior liquid ocean that could harbor life, and NASA is currently scheduled to launch its Europa Clipper spacecraft to this small moon in October 2024, arriving at Jupiter in April 2030. Therefore, given the exploration potential, should we send humans to Europa?

Europa Clipper: NASA’s Incredible Hunt for Alien Life, Simon Whistler an English social media science and history personality who currently resides in Prague in the Czech Republic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bV0oX49guT4

Titan Touchdown
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msiLWxDayuA
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

It is now reported a China Callisto orbiter might be called Tianwen-4 formerly known as Gan De, a planned interplanetary mission by China to study the Jovian system but it might be two spacecraft one which will make a flyby of a planet of the outer Solar System

Gan De: Science Objectives and Mission Scenarios For China’s Mission to the Jupiter System
https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org … 20179.html

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2023-12-01 14:11:33)

Calliban · 2023-12-13 19:09:06

Human cold tolerance. Something to think about as we head out towards the colder parts of the solar system.
https://maoi.org/blog/whats-the-coldest … n-survive/

With proper clothing and preparedness, human beings can survive temperatures as low as -50°C for limited periods. This assumes exposure to Earth's atmosphere with an indeterminate amount of wind chill. The key word is 'survive'. Expecting people to work in those conditions without heated garments is expecting too much.

It may one day be possible to terraform Jupiter's large icy moons. But even if given a breathable oxygen atmosphere, they would remain deathly cold, in the region of -100°C. A dry and thinner atmosphere would assist heat retention. Aerogel insulated clothing would help as well. But heated clothing would be needed if humans are to work in those temperatures. We need suits that can generate heat through chemical reactions. Maybe a radiothermal generator would help as well.

Last edited by Calliban (2023-12-13 19:16:42)

Oldfart1939 · 2023-12-23 20:42:30

Calliban wrote:

Human cold tolerance. Something to think about as we head out towards the colder parts of the solar system.
https://maoi.org/blog/whats-the-coldest … n-survive/
With proper clothing and preparedness, human beings can survive temperatures as low as -50°C for limited periods. This assumes exposure to Earth's atmosphere with an indeterminate amount of wind chill. The key word is 'survive'. Expecting people to work in those conditions without heated garments is expecting too much.
.

I wouldn't expect anyone to be doing "grunt labor" on Callisto, but operating a climate controlled vehicle with robotics capability on the surface would seem possible. This is simply too far out from the Sun to even consider using solar power, so some form of nuclear is going to take center stage. It would seem to me that this could be a great base for a deep space optical telescope for study of the outer planets of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and yes, Pluto. The moon is tidally locked, so the glare from Jupiter would be minimal and a permanent observatory would be a great way to spend 4 years of graduate study in planetary astronomy.

Last edited by Oldfart1939 (2023-12-23 20:43:40)

Oldfart1939 · 2023-12-23 22:53:00

I found this video on YouTube about Callisto; I don't agree with it 100%, but it's dated and was posted 3 years ago.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddMiC2lY-OM

RGClark · 2023-12-24 00:24:26

Manned missions to Callisto at less than 2 year travel time using chemical propulsion only are explored by this author:

https://x.com/bellikozan/status/1718725 … 48101?s=61

Bob Clark

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-12-25 11:04:19

Jupiter capture 2035 & a Uranus flyby in March 2045, the mission perhaps includes 2 probes flying together at first, one at Jupiter seems to shoot something
天问四 - Taiwen-4 or it would literally translate as 'Heavenly Questions Four'
it seems to be two missions, one mission will be firing some type of penetration missile at a Moon maybe Ganymede, the text mentions the orbit of Ganymede but other news articles said they would target maybe Callisto

The Mars Rover which seems to have fallen to dust was part of China's 'Tianwen-1' mission

'年' is the symbol they use for 'year' and 月 means Moon/Month

I assume they are using Nuclear Power

https://m.weibo.cn/detail/4981873545839714

They have also posted images and videos in the past of a Lunar mission, the Moon orbiter shooting something at a hidden lava tube to then expose a hole / cave with its impact, its not the first time they considered crashing something into another body.

This is an article from 2022

China's Tianwen 4 to target Jupiter and Uranus with two spacecraft on one rocket
https://interestingengineering.com/inno … one-rocket

There are reports 'Tianwen-3' will probably come before this Tianwen 4 mission, and be part of a planned Mars sample-return mission

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2023-12-25 11:08:23)

Mars_B4_Moon · 2023-12-30 14:13:57

Astrobiology eXploration at Enceladus (AXE): A New Frontiers Mission Concept Study

https://astrobiology.com/2023/12/astrob … study.html

Oldfart1939 · 2024-02-05 01:00:36

IMHO, Callisto will possible be the first deep space mission goal for missions departing from Mars; possibly concurrent with a mission to Ceres, or another large asteroid or "dwarf planet." One large spacecraft could "do" both Ganymede AND Callisto in a single mission?

Void · 2024-02-05 10:46:05

Hi OF. Callisto might be a good source of Ammonia, I hope, that of course having Nitrogen in it.

Done

Oldfart1939 · 2024-02-05 10:52:43

Callisto and Ganymede both have very tenuous atmospheres, and Ganymede has a magnetosphere. The atmospheres are both thought to be primarily CO2, and are also thought to have a subsurface ocean of water. These features are helpful for any long-term visits to these bodies. They are tidally locked to Jupiter.

Last edited by Oldfart1939 (2024-02-05 10:54:40)

Void · 2024-02-05 20:53:50

It is so good to see you back here again OF.

I agree those worlds are of interest. The radiation problem is not beyond considering for either of them. The magnetic field of Jupiter is both a Deamon and perhaps an Angel. We might consider supplemental magnetic fields for each to improve things eventually.

Callisto may have Carbonaceous materials on or near it surface so there is some hope of Nitrogen. Both moons may have Nitrogen compounds lower down in its ice layers as well.

Frankly I am just now contemplating extraction of matter from these moons to also build habitats with synthetic gravity. They have a lot of water, and that is very good for dealing with radiation.

I am wondering if the magnetic field of Jupiter and Saturn have a sweet spot where synthetic gravity habitats may have protection from the sun and GCR and not be subjected to the harsh side of Jupiter's magnetic field.

I am tempted to be bold and ponder a situation where somehow IO is worked with. It could be a giant power supply. Could such power be directed to a protective magnetic field for IO? It would have to be something really fabulously strong.

Ice could be delivered from the other moons to give it water. It is a very unfriendly place but so much power! This is how a human became more than an animal, to cross the boundary, and make a vast power possible to harness. It would be like finding a way to ride a horse, rather than to just kill and eat it. Maybe much more than that.

If successful, then power could be beamed to the other moons and also free floating created habitats.

Well, yes, I don't mind a bit of struggle for a good cause.

Done

Last edited by Void (2024-02-05 21:04:24)

Oldfart1939 · 2024-03-18 22:29:11

I'm gonna set up a new Callisto thread for updates on the most distant from the host planet of the 4 Galilean satellites. It's the only practical place from a radiation survivability standpoint.

Last edited by Oldfart1939 (2024-03-19 21:45:59)

Mars_B4_Moon · 2024-03-31 02:50:59

Saturn's moon Enceladus top target for ESA

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration … et_for_ESA

Mars_B4_Moon · 2024-04-14 02:20:35

a question asked on stackexchange

'Are there any known atmospheres that would support traditional combustion engines'?

https://space.stackexchange.com/questio … ion-engine

Mars_B4_Moon · 2024-06-07 07:23:50

Why NASA's Europa Clipper mission to Jupiter's icy moon is such a big deal
https://www.space.com/europa-clipper-mi … ained-nasa

Solar System planets' tilt

https://www.minds.com/newsfeed/1644743804374224915

Mars_B4_Moon · 2024-07-07 05:00:11

'Saturn’s moon Titan has shorelines that appear to be shaped by waves'
https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/06 … ve-action/

The liquid hydrocarbon waves would likely reach a height of a meter.

Palermo’s simulations showed that wave erosion resulted in coastline shapes closely matching those actually observed on Titan.

The team validated its model using data from closer to home. “We compared using the same statistical analysis to lakes on Earth, where we know what the erosion processes are. With certainty greater than 77.5 percent, we were able to predict those known processes with our modeling,” Palermo says.

The key limit on the size and strength of any waves on Titan is that most of its seas are roughly the size of the Great Lakes in the US. The largest of them, the Kraken Mare, is roughly as large as the Caspian Sea on Earth. There is no such thing as a global ocean on Titan, and this means the fetch, the distance over which the wind can blow and grow the waves, is limited to tens of kilometers instead of over 1,500 kilometers on Earth. “Still, some models show that the waves on Titan be as high as one meter. I’d say that’s a surfable wave,” Palermo concluded.

Exact spot alien life might be lurking on ‘ocean world’ in our Solar System found – but there’s a reason we can’t see it
https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/28744150/ … rothermal/

Hydrothermal vents on seafloors of ‘ocean worlds’ could support life, new study says
https://news.ucsc.edu/2024/06/ocean-worlds.html

Before manned colonization the robots will explore far away worlds and regions, the Gallileo and Martian Rovers and Voyager and Cassini have already explored or are already doing things which mankind can not, robots and humans working together will be part of human colonization.

As of now only the NASA / JPl and Chinese can successfully explore the surface of Mars with Robots, nobody else has achieved this and it is possible it would be followed by Private US Companies or semi-Private semi-State Privatized Chinese companies, other people might explore with people like the Europeans, the Japanese, there might be an arrival of Hindu cultures of Indians and Brazilian dialects and art and music but for now it is China and the USA which are the dominant force, Russia is in decline under sanction after the invasion of Ukraine and has not been able to match its old Soviet Robot feats from the time of the USSR. Other types of people and culture such as islamic Sharia Law jihadi mohammedans might seek to expand to space by having a ride on other people's rockets but for now it is the USA and China that have set the path and lead in spaceflight.

Helicopters Flying, Sub surface vessels to travel inside liquid mediums, a Balloon flight or a Boat on the Surface...something the Moon will not offer but could be done on Mars, Europa or Titan.

a dangerous radioactive volcanic world a very interesting Moon

'NASA’s Juno Gets a Close-Up Look at Lava Lakes on Jupiter’s Moon Io'
https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasamarshall/53822042034/

Two missions coming from NASA and ESA, there was going to be a joint Nuclear Powered mission but it was cancelled so now we have 2 separate missions, Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer or 'Juice' an interplanetary spacecraft on its way to orbit and study three icy moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa also NASA's Europa Clipper is a space probe in development by NASA.

'Why Does NASA Want To Explore Jupiter's Ocean Moon'

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXMA-04CADw

Preparing to build ESA's Jupiter mission
https://sci.esa.int/web/juice/-/56165-p … er-mission
2015

With the release of the president’s fiscal year 2025 budget request, Dragonfly is confirmed with a total lifecycle cost of $3.35 billion and a launch date of July 2028. This reflects a cost increase of about two times the proposed cost and a delay of more than two years from when the mission was originally selected in 2019. Following that selection, NASA had to direct the project to replan multiple times due to funding constraints in fiscal years 2020 through 2022. The project incurred additional costs due to the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain increases, and the results of an in-depth design iteration. To compensate for the delayed arrival at Titan, NASA also provided additional funding for a heavy-lift launch vehicle to shorten the mission’s cruise phase.
https://science.nasa.gov/missions/drago … confirmed/
The rotorcraft, targeted to arrive at Titan in 2034, will fly to dozens of promising locations on the moon, looking for prebiotic chemical processes common on both Titan and the early Earth before life developed. Dragonfly marks the first time NASA will fly a vehicle for science on another planetary body. The rotorcraft has eight rotors and flies like a large drone.

For now Space-X is building the rockets, although Elon Musk has other companies running a car company, trying to get 'free speech' on twitter, his ideas for AI in robotics and art and music, the rail boring tunnel project he has not expanded into space, other car motor companies might arrive into space first. Elon Musk had even suggested Submarines in an era of bad PR, the failed idea for a Thai cave rescue which had to be done by men with better experience, a tale of good intentions and bad public comments.
When men get emotional because of their robots
Musk wonders if he could help with the Thai cave rescue effort
A job for people with knowledge and history of Caving and Spelunking they don't like to be called a 'sport' but a passion which covers the exploration of caves. Elon Musk's Bid was strange but maybe he had genuine concern to Save Thailand's Cave Boys
Musk said
'Nonetheless, his actions against me do not justify my actions against him, and for that I apologize to Mr. Unsworth and to the companies I represent as leader. The fault is mine and mine alone.'
https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1019472152796381185
Musk at least admitted when he was dead wrong

The Solar power thing is interesting, will they have Solar power within a dome and perhaps also during a Solar Storm plant or animal might sit on a type of automated platform and move behind a Solar Panel using it as a shield

I know Elon Musk had 'SolarCity' at Mars and beyond Mars other forms of energy might be of better use, Thorium perhaps or the possibility of future tech like 'Fusion'

the other players less Democratic and less concerned with PR

China quietly used NASA’s Jupiter probe to test its deep space network
https://spacenews.com/china-quietly-use … e-network/

China used signals sent from NASA’s Juno probe orbiting Jupiter to test the capabilities of ground stations vital to its deep space ambitions.

China Unveils Plans to Send Spacecraft to Jupiter and Uranus
https://time.com/6216133/china-aims-for … nd-uranus/

on Earth possible military use or will the same tech be one day used for peaceful exploration?

Dozens upon dozens of nations or kingdoms or countries operate military submarines, even Ukraine invaded by Russia might be operating a Drone type of Submarine, there is also Brazil, Australia, Egypt, Cuba, France, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, Venezuela, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Vietnam, Greece and North Korea, they can all engage in Submarine warfare, there are attack submarines in Naval military operations, Cruise-missile submarines, Nuclear powered Subs, Ballistic missile submarine, both North and South Korea operate AIP based ballistic missile submarine, there are also private Submarines. The Private Sector got a bad reputation in news media reports of people cutting corners and ignoring safety after the Titan Disaster a submersible implosion by the Stockton Rush company OceanGate, imploded during an expedition to view the wreck of the Titanic in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland.
Reports from 2005 to 2007
The smallest submarine made built by Pierre Poulin, a Canadian native, and the submarine weighs 620 kilograms, or 1,366.9 pounds.
https://recordsoftechnology.blogspot.co … arine.html

'America Readies a Deep Dive, Long-Range Underwater Drone Called Manta Ray, This Is It'
https://www.autoevolution.com/news/amer … 32108.html

The first use case of the Manta Ray will, of course, be military, but as it happened so many times in the past, civilian applications could easily be envisioned for the technology.

Northrop Grumman Releases First 360° Video Of Giant Manta Ray Underwater Drone Testing
https://theaviationist.com/2024/06/12/manta-ray-video/

quote

'Manta Ray is an extra-large glider designed to undertake extended-duration, long-range, and payload-capable undersea missions independently, without requiring on-site human logistics.'

Northrop Grumman’s Manta Ray drone completes testing as it is seen gliding in the ocean
https://eandt.theiet.org/2024/06/14/nor … ng-through

In 2020, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), a military research and development agency, released a request for proposals on a new class of UUV that is capable of performing long-duration, long-range and payload-capable undersea missions without human supervision.

DARPA's autonomous 'Manta Ray' drone can glide through ocean depths undetected

https://www.livescience.com/technology/ … undetected

Pictured: US tests futuristic new Manta Ray underwater drone
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/202 … -military/
Prototype autonomous craft is able to hibernate on the sea bed and move through the ocean unsupervised for ‘very long periods of time’

Dragonfly would be the first aircraft on Titan and is intended to make the first powered and fully controlled atmospheric flight on any moon, with the intention of studying prebiotic chemistry and extraterrestrial habitability. It would then use its vertical takeoffs and landings (VTOL) capability to move between exploration sites
https://www.planetary.org/articles/jupi … to-landing

IAC vid, Tianwen-4 portion starts at 41 min : 30 sec and some of them take questions from the audience on the manned space flight ambition and previous Tianwen-1 and Mars missions, Tianwen-2 is a planned Chinese asteroid sample return and comet exploration mission, Chang'e 6 was the sixth robotic lunar exploration mission and a sample return from the Moon's far side, Tianwen-3 is an expected Mars sample-return mission by China.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kfsjKW4FS0

Tianwen-4 formerly known as Gan De a planned Chinese interplanetary mission to study the Jovian system, possibly sharing a launch with a spacecraft which will make a flyby of Uranus.
https://www.space.com/china-probes-jupi … ame-launch

Last edited by Mars_B4_Moon (2024-07-07 14:19:03)

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#26 2023-08-16 17:44:02

Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

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Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

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Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

#48 2024-04-14 02:20:35

Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

#49 2024-06-07 07:23:50

Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

#50 2024-07-07 05:00:11

Re: Manned Missions To Callisto and Titan - Looking Beyond Manned Missions To Mars

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