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In 1945 China was divided between the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong. They had been been fighting since 1927 but made a truce after the Japanese invaded in 1939. The truce broke down in 1946 and by 1949 the communists had complete control of mainland China.
Many US forces at many bases were stationed in Japan during the Korean war, including the US Seventh fleet. Japan was (and still is) a highly controlled, mono cultural society. Emperor Hirohito was left in power in order to ensure there was no insurgency.
Changing Frost Patterns in Louth Crater (MRO/HiRISE) - imaged 26 Mar 2008
This image shows the changing seasonal frost patterns on Louth Crater, located at latitude 70 N. This crater contains a mound covered by water frost that persists throughout the year, which is unusual for this latitude.
The seasonal carbon dioxide frost deposited during northern winter can also reach this latitude. At the time this image was acquired in northern spring, the carbon dioxide frost is in the process of sublimating back into the atmosphere.
There are sand dunes near the edge of the mound, which become clear of frost in the summer
RFI Potential Science Investigations (PDF) - 28 Mar 2008
JDEM is one of three Einstein Probe missions spelled out in NASA’s Beyond Einstein Roadmap, with a targeted total life cycle cost cap of ~$600M (FY08$) excluding launch vehicle cost. This cost cap includes NASA, DOE, and any other domestic or international contributions.
Following the Announcement of Opportunity in late 2008, the science investigation will be selected in 2009, with a project start that same year. The launch of JDEM is planned for 2014-2015, and a nominal science operations lifetime of three years is assumed, although not required.
Three points.
The forum has a mix of many types of people, visionaries, scientists, engineers, explorers and others. With the imminent landing of Phoenix in only 16 days from now, there will be a surge of interest in Mars. Martian weather will be in focus with the Canadian meteorological package on board.
Data should be questioned if there's doubt about it's quality, the theories proposed to explain it must always be questioned.
Be wary of self diagnosis.
Entry Descent and Landing - video 5 mins - nifty mix of video interviews and high quality animation
Try the HD version (187MB) - one of the best NASA videos ever produced!
16 days
Your statement is funny. Because It's the people of USA who are suffering more then the people of UK (expect for small haulers).
Yeah it's hilarious, the Brits have been paying three times the real price for petrol for decades and it's the American people who are suffering. Ha ha.
Contract for Ares I Mobile Launcher - 8 May 2008
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- NASA's Kennedy Space Center has awarded a contract to Hensel Phelps of Orlando, Fla., for the construction of the Ares I mobile launcher for the Constellation Program. Ares I is the rocket that will transport the Orion crew exploration vehicle, its crew and cargo to low Earth orbit. The contract includes an option for an additional Ares I mobile launcher. It is a firm fixed-price contract with a value of $263,735,000, if all options are exercised.
The mobile launcher will support the Ares I and the vehicle's associated ground support equipment. It will be used in the assembly, testing and servicing of the Ares I at existing Kennedy facilities. The mobile launcher will transport the Ares I rocket to the launch pad and provide ground support for launches. The mobile launcher consists of the main support structure that comprises the base, tower and facility ground support systems, which include power, communications, conditioned air, water for cooling, wash-down, and ignition over-pressure protection.
Hensel Phelps will supply all labor, materials and equipment necessary for construction of the Ares I mobile launcher. Ground support equipment, such as umbilicals, propellant and gases, instrumentation, controls and communications, necessary to support the Ares I rocket will be provided and installed under a separate contract or contracts.
The tower of the mobile launcher will have multiple platforms for personnel access and will be approximately 390 feet tall. Construction will take place at the mobile launcher park site area located north of Kennedy's Vehicle Assembly Building at the space center in Florida.
NASA Successfully Completes First Series of Ares Engine Tests - 8 May 2008
STENNIS, Miss. -- NASA engineers Thursday successfully completed the first series of tests in the early development of the J-2X engine that will power the upper stages of the Ares I and Ares V rockets, key components of NASA's Constellation Program. Ares I will launch the Orion spacecraft that will take astronauts to the International Space Station and then to the moon by 2020. The Ares V will carry cargo and components into orbit for trips to the moon and later to Mars.
NASA conducted nine tests of heritage J-2 engine components from December to May as part of a series designed to verify heritage J-2 performance data and explore performance boundaries. Engineers at NASA's Stennis Space Center near Bay St. Louis, Miss., conducted the tests on a heritage J-2 "powerpack," which, in a fully assembled engine, pumps liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen into the engine's main combustion chamber to produce thrust. The test hardware consisted of J-2 components used from the Apollo program in the1960s through the X-33 program of the 1990s.
"This series of tests is an important step in development of the J-2X engine," said Mike Kynard, manager of the upper stage engine for the Ares Projects at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. "We started with a number of objectives and questions we needed answers to as we work to complete designs of the J-2X engine. The data we have gained will be invaluable as we continue the design process."
Data obtained from the tests will be used to refine the design of the J-2X pumps and other engine components to provide the additional performance required of this new engine. The J-2X engine is being designed to produce 294,000 pounds of thrust; the original J-2 produced 230,000 pounds of thrust.
The main objectives of the series were to resolve differences in heritage turbopump performance data and recent component-level tests, and investigate vibration and pressure drops through the turbopump inlet ducts. Tests in the series ran for durations up to 400 seconds and at power levels up to 274,000 pounds of thrust.
After the data from the test series has been reviewed and objectives met, Stennis will begin readying the test stand for the next series of tests, said Gary Benton, the J-2X project manager at Stennis.
ESA to recruit new European astronauts
10 April 2008 ESA PR 21-2008. With ESA astronauts working in the Columbus laboratory onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and the first of ESA’s new ATV cargo ships having delivered fresh supplies to the station, ESA’s human spaceflight activities have entered a new era. It is now time for ESA to seek out new talent to bolster its Astronaut Corps for future manned missions to the ISS, the Moon and beyond.
ESA are looking for four astronauts ideally aged 27 to 37.
Application opens 19 May 2008
No scam. One big advantage of Ares is that it's based on well understood technology, SRBs, RS-68s etc etc. Work on Ares I will prove the 5 segment SRB evolution and almost all of the upper stage including the J-2X. Ares V is being designed to be reliable and cheap.
The Shuttle was a totally new beast, right on the edge of what was possible - and it still is.
You can type that again.
Good find RedStreak,
Instead of giving a link to the actual source, it just rehashes & pastes parts of the report summary (PDF)
The full report is readable online here (the book PDF can be downloaded free with a simple registration)
One odd aspect of the report is that they did not have an estimate of the cost of Ares V, yet much of the report is about costs. Also the logic seems backwards: it's a disadvantage that the bigger missions enabled by Ares V will cost more, duh!
There are fantastically expensive projects there, many over $5 billion; the cost of the launcher is not going to be the biggest factor.
Ares V with a Centaur upper stage can get the Interstellar Probe Mission out to 200 AU in 23 years!
The UK government has a special tax, the fuel tax is currently about 48% - and added to that is another 17.5% VAT. The product is only about 30% of the price, and only a part of that is the cost of the crude oil. They have been adding a few pence each year to the tax for ages, usually most people don't notice after a few days. That's why nobody complains. They've all been conned.
US petrol prices are much closer to the product price, as crude cost has increased a lot in the last few years this has been very visible in the pump price.
Do we really want our government forcing us where to live - wasn't that what they Soviets did to their populations?
Indeed, the diagram is a bit out of date.
The "Hazard Detection and Avoidance" phase has been, if you'll excuse the pun, dropped too because of problems with the descent imager (MARDI). (The image is now edited). In the infamous words of Mike Malin, who supplied the instrument, landing will be "a statistical crap shoot".
It also means there won't be any sound from the mic on MARDI
It's the number NASA have said a few times in interviews. It's based on a marginal cost of between $200m and $400m per Ares V and a LEO payload of 130MT. So it's a conservative number, at $200m it would be about $700/lb. Ares V is in study phase right now, it won't fly until 2018 unless more funding comes through.
Ok, no worries here - the actual events are more important and we have no choice but to wait.
Here's the landing sequence anyway for reassurance :>
The ERT version looks good, however, it's a bit disturbing how the events stop at peak heating, on the SCET page it got as far as chute deploy
AFAIK Goldstone and Canberra overlap by about four hours, so Canberra will have to work fast to be first.
Some of us will be following along live in the #space chat room (see link below)
Until Ares V puts it there for about $1500/lb
LRO
Assembly progress - 1 May 2008
We completed testing with the Deep Space Network last week, and this week we are testing with our primary ground station, White Sands 1. These tests ensure that we can properly communicate with our spacecraft during flight. During the evening shifts, the blanket technicians have been designing the thermal blankets that will protect the orbiter from the temperature extremes in lunar orbit.
During the LOLA safe-to-mate electrical tests, we discovered a problem with the signal levels on the instrument's data interface. The LOLA team tracked down the problem to a polarity reversal on a transformer. The circuit is already corrected, and we are running the electronics box through some workmanship testing to make sure everything is OK. Most of the instrument, including the laser, remained on the spacecraft. We should have the entire instrument running again next week.
The solar array gimbal will be out of its thermal vacuum testing tomorrow, and it will meet up with the solar panels for some integrated testing. The High-Gain Antenna System blankets are installed. We are working through some interference issues with the blankets - we want to make sure that everything moves freely. The HGAS should be ready for thermal vacuum testing next week. LROC and Mini-RF are both nearly finished with their thermal vacuum testing.
Presentations from the LCROSS workshop - 29 Feb 2008
The earliest message seems to be this one dated Sep 04, 2001 8:38 am by John Creighton.
Should we celebrate 4 September as newmars day?
Two PHX team blogs:
by Patrick Woida
May 02, 2008 - We have now completed our ORT10 dress rehearsal. It’s been a long road getting from taking a few days to just get through one day on Mars a year ago to being able to execute day by day the activities we need to do everyday for the mission. Are we 100% ready? I hope not! We are well prepared, I’m told by those with many missions under their belts we’re the best prepared team they’ve ever seen. But if we knew everything that would happen, knew all the answers, there wouldn’t be much point in going. This is a mission of discovery, and I hope no matter how prepared we are that Mars has a few surprises in store. Will it be hard? You can be sure of that! But to evoke Kennedy, “…we don’t go because it’s easy; we go because it’s hard…”
The exercise is very good to train the robot how to work on Mars, and important for the team to learn how to work with that robot millions of miles away. We learn something new every time we shake out our tools, procedures, and personnel. Frankly I needed the ORT to pacify me. I’m getting so impatient to reach Mars. The chance to at least run a few simulated sols is a great way to channel my energy for at least a few days. Although it went well, a trip to Mars is NEVER a slam dunk, no matter how prepared you are. I find Mars hangs at that point where our reach is about equal to our grasp. Weeks like this one does build confidence for myself and my teammates. We probably never can be ready enough, but from my perspective, we are up to the challenge.
I’m sure Mars doesn’t care what plans we’ve made, he will lead us down a different road than we’ve spent these months rehearsing. That won’t hurt us, it will test us. We have the abilities, we have the passion, we have the means.With only weeks to go, the time is nearly here to unleash this band of explorers to a new frontier.
Back from the PIT, off to Mars
by Mark Lemmon
May 05, 2008 - Another week, another project test. Last week we held ORT 10 in Tucson, Pasadena, and Denver. ORT 10 is the last Operational Readiness Test (unless you count “ORT 11,” which starts on Mars in 19 sols). For ORT 10, we simulated Approach, Entry, Descent and Landing (AEDL), for which I was just a spectator. Then we continued on to a dress rehearsal of surface operations from landing through the evening of sol 2. This was a chance to test our response to many of the lessons learned earlier. I was extremely happy with the results. We’re still learning and still working to get better, but we did a very good job getting the information we needed on the ground quickly.
Sol 0 was nominal. (That’s the understated NASA way of saying we survived the “7 minutes of terror” of EDL, and have a healthy spacecraft in Mars.) We got all of the images taken on sol 0 during the first downlink after landing. There was still plenty of data from EDL stored, for not only the sol 1 AM downlink but for the next few AM downlinks). From an imaging point of view, it was even better than real flight operations will be, with no missing parts of images whatsoever.
There was one exception to getting at all the information quickly. After sol 1, we did not have confidence in the resolution of conflicting information about the robotic arm temperatures. (This was all made up -- the conflicting temperatures hovered around -25 C…in Tucson…in May…) The decision was to gather more information before using the robotic arm motors. So, on sol 2 we took more pictures and did some MECA activity that had been scheduled for a few sols in the future. After we got the sol 2 data, we were go to use the RA, and we planned sol 3 accordingly before ending the ORT.
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Yep. Kibo is the main mission. Greg Chamitoff is also being taken to ISS to replace Garrett Reisman. During the space walks a NTA will be replaced and tests will be done on SARJ cleaning techniques.
EVA Overview - 1 May 2008 - video 39 mins - detailed description of each spacewalk with great animations.
It's the surface area to volume ratio effect. For larger structures there's less surface area per unit of volume. Spheres are optimal but an upper floor needs access.
The Outpost will hold four crew plus equipment, it doesn't need to be huge. Mobile habs seem to have a lot of advantages, but they need extra structure.
Might work. With a retro feel, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow style but set in the early 1970s - alternate future etc etc - but accurate. The magic ingredient would be a story.
Discovery to air Mars landing live - 7 May 2008
by Jonathan Paul
Discovery Channel Canada plans to capture the next milestone in exploration of the Red Planet on May 25 at 7pm ET, when it will present Mars: The Phoenix Lands.
The two-hour special will include live footage as the Phoenix Rover arrives on the planet's surface at 7:46pm ET. The craft will be the first to explore the Martian arctic, and the Phoenix team hopes to uncover clues in the icy soil about the history of near-surface ice and its potential for habitability.
Hosted by Daily Planet's Jay Ingram - who will transmit live on the ground from the Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena, California - the special will cover the reactions of international space scientists and chronicle the Rover's development, which was more than nine months in the making.