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Jupiter was for dozens of millions of years after formation with surface temperature of more than 1000 K. For Io this gravitational potential nergy releasing "heater" -- kept the moon into Habitable zone for long enough this heat combined with the powerfull excentric jovian magnetosphere to strip it naked off all volatiles...
Look the cooling rate diagrams for the brown dwarfs:
Brown dwarfs habitable:
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http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6977
Red giants planets:
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http://www.space.com/businesstechnology … 50401.html
Dying stars planetary formation -- second geneation of planets Direct:
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http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/outreach/esa_pr/in9805.htm
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http://www-int.stsci.edu/~inr/talks/hardvard.ppt
http://www.physics.upenn.edu/~inr/talks/bdpics/bd1.htm
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It is not necessary the power source for habitation to come from sellar fussion. Foisil heat from contraction is enough. NOT in SolSYs, but abroad, we could merge gas giants inorder to store into them eneergy, whic later gradually but long time and steadily released...
MarsDog, would you want to play with the numbers for "Lets Merge Jupiter and Saturn!"
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Jupiter: mass - 1.899x10exp27 kg, diameter - 120 000 km, max. orbital speed - 13.712 km/s
Saturn: mass - 5.6846x10exp26, diameter - 140 000 km, max. orbital speed - 10.183 km/s
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If Saturn is deorbited a little into collision course with Jupiter, what would be the max. possible terminal imact velocity...
If it is simply about 10 km/s, than the collision kinethical energy released would be: 5.6846/2x10exp26x10000x10000= 2.8423x10exp34 Joules... Very serious amount of energy = 1.2 × 1034 J — energy output of the Sun in about 2.5 years!!!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitatio … ing_energy
The gravitational binding energy of Earth is 2.4 × 10exp32 J — gravitational binding energy of the ( GBE ) of Jupiter shoulda be -- 317.8x317.8 / 11 ~ 920 times bigger than earths one or from the order of s.t. like 22x10exp35 Joules.
Colliding ( or rather merging ) Saturn in Jupiter would thus inject in the resulting new object ONLY one 77th of the Jupiter`s GBE, so Jupiter would remain almost intact... Perhaps infinitesimaly small mass from the both gas giants atmosferes would be heated up to escape velocity...
So, 2.8x10exp34 Joules IN...
Questions:
1.What will be the surface temperature of the new gas giant?
2. Could such impact/merging splash out enough material new moons to be formed as it happened so much times before during the SolSys formation era: Earth-Moon, Pluto-Charon, 2003 EL63...? ( Note: I know that jovian planets are gaseous, but -- from wiki: " Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of ~81% hydrogen and ~18% helium by number of atoms. The atmosphere is ~75%/24% by mass; with ~1% of the mass accounted for by other substances - the interior contains denser materials such that the distribution is ~71%/24%/5%. The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and "rock". There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. The outermost layer of the atmosphere contains crystals of frozen ammonia." -- i.e. nothing different than the primordial solar nebula wouldn`t be ejected in Jovian orbit. Regarding the scales --
2.1. How much mass will be lifted in orbit?
2.2. How much will escape helocentric or interstellar?
2.3. How much will coalesce in accretion disk?
3. How fast the new giant would cool down / i.e. how long it would keep on be warm?
4. What are the internal "geo"thermal reserves of Jupiter as Joules per kilogram? ( in order to see how the energy injection would reflect on the present situation and amounts. --
2.8x10exp34 Joules total, on 18.99x10exp26 kg ( Jupiter ) + 5.6846x10exp26 kg ( Saturn , ofcourse minus 1-2% ejected ) total, means average ~ 11 MegaJoules per kg. 4.8 × 10exp7 J — energy released by combustion of one kilogram of gasoline... Hence after the old Jove is hit with Saturn, every kilogram ( if I did`nt miscalculated --) the new body will possess the energy released of about quarter of kilogram combusted gasoline per every kilogram of mass.....!!!! It should glow bright!!! But for how long... ? I know that this would depend on the ratio volume/surface , but - from where to take refferences about the cooling rate...
4.1. Colour of this glowing ball?
5. What`s the possibility the smashing between the two planetary cores to result in short conditions some hydrogen to fuse? The answer whether and how much should make the above figures about MegaJoules per kilogram mass DEPOSITED, much more exact...
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To move gas giants seems impossible energywise, but we shouldn`t forget that they already have the eneergy locked into their orbital motion... Using kinda momentum exchange mechanism, Jupiter`s orbit could be lifted on expenss of Saturnian lowered, towards the merging point.
Where it would be -- regarding the masses closer to the nowaday Jupiter`s orbit. 6 AU from the Sun?
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If you had asteroids in momentum transfer orbits between Jupiter and Saturn.
Eventually the 2 orbits could be made the same; Orbital energy and momentum conserved. Hence the heat energy in colliding Saturn and Jupiter is only the gravitational plus rotational interactions as they become one planet.
Calculate combined orbit radius from energy conservation.
Other extreme is head to head collision. Make Saturn retrograde orbit.
Lot more heat, merged orbit closer to the Sun. Orbital energy not conserved.
M1 * V1 + M2 * (V2) = (M1+M2) * Vf In circular opposite direction orbit V2 = -V1
1/2 * (M1+M2) * Vf^2 is remaining energy in motion.
Calculate orbit radius from energy remaining.
GMm/r - how to calculate the effective r ?
If it were incompressible fluid then assume a shell above Jupiter surface,
mass of shell converged to one point at a distance r from Jupiter's center.
If compressible gas shell and solid core, then seperate calculation for each.
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/futu … node3.html
From there, calculate rise in temperature from specific heats.
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