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#1801 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Antimatter Propulsion - Could Antimatter be used for propulsion? » 2003-09-01 04:42:22

Thanks Spider-Man!
    That link was very informative and made me anxious for research to move quickly in that direction. Mars in 6 WEEKS ... YEAH !!
    Now that's what I call travelling!   smile

#1802 Re: Interplanetary transportation » The Light Speed Barrier - Is there really a universal speed limit? » 2003-09-01 01:03:11

Free Spirit:-

How do you keep that ship constantly accelerating at one g though? ... clear out to the center of the galaxy.

    The sad answer to that question, of course, is that nobody has a clue how to do such a thing!   sad
    It's certainly not going to happen with rockets because of the ridiculously enormous reaction mass you'd have to carry and, even with an impossibly-tightly-focused, ground-based laser, the amount of energy you'd have to pump into it to keep accelerating a constantly increasing mass, closer and closer to light speed, would be vastly greater than Earth's entire energy production! You'd need to be able to harness a good proportion of the output of a star, I should think, to achieve your goal.

    Unless we can invent a propellantless space-drive, a la science fiction, I think it's a lost cause. And even if we could produce a true space-drive, it would be a one way trip as far as coming home to friends and relatives is concerned, because of the time dilation reasons outlined above.
                                       yikes

    However, something has been happening recently in this field which may prove very interesting.
"Focus" magazine, July 2003 Ed., p.63:-

Within the last few years, cracks have begun to appear in the edifice of Special Relativity. It insists that there is a limit on the energy of cosmic rays from deep space - yet ultra-fast rays breaking this limit have been detected several times. Some theorists think that the answer may be that the speed of light is not alone in having the same value for all observers; there may be an energy threshold whose value is also universal.
    Work on this "Doubly Special Relativity' is still in its infancy. Even so, it may prove to be the first glimmerings of a theory with implications even more astounding than those that emerged from Einstein's teenage daydream.

    Who knows where this latest research will lead us? Maybe nowhere useful or maybe to a means of breaking the light-speed barrier.
    I think that would be ... Relatively Special, don't you?! {Groan ..   big_smile  }
    Sorry!

#1803 Re: Not So Free Chat » Happy Birthday Dr. Smith- Nov. 6th » 2003-08-31 19:19:57

Congratulations Nirgal82 on reaching your majority!

    And have a HAPPY BIRTHDAY while you're at it!!!!!!!  smile

#1804 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-31 19:15:08

Josh:-

Perhaps the answer lies in leaving one another alone.

    I understand your feelings in this regard, and I daresay Cindy does too, Josh. And I'm sure we would all like to think we could just walk away from this problem and have the terrorists do the same.
    This is exactly my point in all these recent exchanges of opinion. I'm trying to tell you that it ain't gonna happen!
    The fat's in the fire.
    The cat's among the pigeons.
    The solid waste has reached the cooling device.

    Whatever the reasons behind all this, America's ill-advised foreign policy decisions included, it doesn't matter any more. It's gone beyond that. It's no longer a political debate.
    Maybe we shouldn't have put all the deckchairs in a row on the promenade deck, perhaps we should have placed them in cosy groups of, say, 4 or 5 towards the stern of the ship near the recreation area. ... It doesn't matter!! The Titanic still has a big hole in it and it's going to sink. (Or at least it probably will unless we do something about it.) Recriminations, 'I told you so s', and political point-scoring are all futile gestures right now. Though I've noticed that some people are like recorded messages in this regard; as soon as the word 'politics' comes into the conversation, they automatically spout the same lines from that best-seller: "American Crimes through History". All very interesting, but you could do the same for the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Egyptians, Ancient Rome, the Incas and Aztecs, most of the European medieval monarchies, more recently Spain and Portugal, France, Holland, Belgium and Britain. (So what's new .. ?! )
    I believe some of you people have a very limited historical perspective, which is always going to distort your view of everything.

    By all means let's discuss how best to neutralise this new enemy of progress but let's not waste our time in apportioning blame. Time enough for that after we've dealt with this far more pressing problem.
                                             smile

#1805 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » "Nefertiti Ressurected" - ...Discovery Channel special » 2003-08-30 21:28:23

Yeah, I've often wondered about caesarean births these days.
    In the old days, women with narrow pelvic girdles died during childbirth and their babies along with them, as likely as not. This must have resulted in strong selective pressure against narrow-hipped women and a consequent predominance of broader hips.
    Now women who would have died are routinely saved, at least in the western world, by surgery. Thus perpetuating and gradually disseminating the genetic make-up which gives rise to those narrow hips. And I do seem to be noticing more and more women with narrow hips these days ... Ahem! Not that I've been looking, of course!

    If this continues, it seems it must lead to humans (at least in the western world) becoming almost totally dependent on technology in order to produce children.

    Taking this to the next logical step, we may need to choose our female Mars colonists wisely. It's always best, in a frontier environment, to bring equipment not prone to breaking down. In a similar way, we naturally propose to send youngish, fit people to Mars on the understanding they are less likely to suffer illnesses requiring awkward medical treatment ... i.e. they're less likely to break down!
    By the same token, should we be measuring the pelvic diameters of potential female colonists?
                                     ???

#1806 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-30 20:57:46

Hear hear yet again, Cindy!
    I think you've said it all but I must say I've never come across the notion that reaching a decision based on known facts is an indication of the cessation of mental function!!  :laugh:  [Clark, that is a killer deduction on your part - one of your finest so far!]

    As for terrorist attacks on western soil since 9/11, I count Bali. Of the 202 people killed last October, 88 were Australian. They were slaughtered in a nightclub where foreigners were known to gather; largely young fun-loving Australians partying on holiday (vacation, in American lingo). The Balinese people are predominantly hindu, as was all of Indonesia before islam swept into the archipelago many years ago. They are gentle, smiling, tolerant people who have established warm friendships with back-packing young Aussie tourists in recent decades.
    To all intents and purposes, as far as I'm concerned that vicious attack may just as well have been staged in a beach suburb of Sydney, Australia.
    The words of the poet Rupert Brooke were used to describe parts of Europe where British troops fell in the fierce fighting to liberate Europe from the Nazi yoke. But they could just as easily be applied, with the appropriate alteration, to the brave American soldiers engaged in the same conflict. The words are: ".. there's a corner of some foreign field that is forever England."

    I know the circumstances aren't exactly parallel and I know I risk being accused of overdramatisation or some kind of maudlin sentimentality, but in a way I feel the same about that small area of Bali. Whether it occurred, in a technical sense, on Australian soil or not, doesn't seem to matter much. At least, it doesn't to me.

#1807 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-30 07:50:00

Hear hear, Cindy! I couldn't agree more.
    (And you type so fast ... you can say so much more in 5 minutes than I can in an hour!!   big_smile  )

    Dickbill, you gotta stop smoking that wacky-backy, old pal! Or has somebody baked you some really tasty cookies lately?
                                        :laugh:

#1808 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-30 07:17:37

You know, I switched on my computer with a tinge of trepidation just now, thinking my last post would attract considerable flak.
    I imagined being labelled as some kind of idealistic, slightly right-wing fruitcake who believes in fairy tales! I know how hard-nosed some of our fellow contributors can be here.

    The first response was Josh's. Predictably, he could see little of any merit in the sociological achievements of western civilisation [-'I don't see what you're trying to get us to "fight for" Shaun.'-], but overall I thought his response, while typically cynical, wasn't quite as cutting as I'd expected.   O.K. Josh!  smile  (But I still disagree strongly with your philosophy and feel sorry that you seem to see so much that's bad and so little that's any good.)

    But the responses from Byron and Cindy were real heart-warmers! Thankyou very much for those responses, which made me feel a lot better!
    Oh I know we don't see exactly eye to eye on everything. Hell! ..  That's the way it should be. But it's very gratifying to know one's viewpoint on something important like this is understood and, to a large extent, agreed with.
    All I want is for a united world to move forward to the kind of future we should inherit. As Cindy says, a lot of people are intrinsically good. A lot of them have worked long and hard and tried their best in order to get us where we are. If for nothing and nobody else, it's for those people we should fight. We owe it to them (and ourselves) to avoid this latest attempt to send us back to a new dark age of ignorance and intolerance. Byron's words in this regard are chilling; a monumental terrorist-instigated recession is a frightening thought.
    If such an event ever came to pass, Josh, even you might come to appreciate the material comforts our badly flawed system once afforded you. If things got really bad, you might even wish for a return of the evil market economy you once despised so thoroughly!
    You never know ... stranger things have happened!   :;):

#1809 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-30 01:24:58

Free Spirit:-

And honestly, if I were an Iraqi I'd be pissed off too that some clown felt free to invade my country and appoint officials/puppets over me who don't share my values, but who have been empowered to determine my future without any input from me, voting or otherewise.

    I agree, Free Spirit. If anybody did that to Australia, I would be extremely 'pissed off'!
    But then, I currently have the rights of free speech and free association, access to the law, and the power to vote. None of this applied in Iraq.
    Any 'officials/puppets' appointed in Iraq are to be an interim government in the transition to full democracy, a situation the populace could only dream about until now.
    Whatever your opinions about whether Iraq should have been invaded in the first place, I'm sure you would agree their prospects now for self-determination are infinitely better under Anglo-American jurisdiction than ever they were under the Husseins. It's difficult enough for the present administration to rebuild the country's infrastructure in the face of sabotage orchestrated by remnants of Saddam's followers (and, no doubt, certain Iranian and Syrian elements), without us constantly sniping at them from the rear.
    This is the basis of my recent arguments here. However much some of us may loathe Bush and Blair, however much the left wing feeds us anti-American propaganda and attempts to denigrate the achievements of western civilisation in general, we represent the pinnacle of human sociological advancement so far. Go ahead .. spit on the floor in disgust if you like! But never in human history have so many people had such a high standard of living, such freedom and such hope for the future.
    No, not everyone has enough to eat. No it's not satisfactory that many countries have inadequate healthcare or insufficient clean drinking water. No, I'm not happy with clear-felling of old-growth forests and the slowness of the much-needed switch to clean energy and the levels of pollution. And no, I don't want global warming if it's going to ruin the world (not convinced of that yet though) and, yes, I do worry about overfishing of the oceans!

    But in a world which has always been in one stinking mess or another for millenia, this is the new Atlantis. We stand on the brink of a golden age of technological advancement and plenty for all humanity. Believe me, if we just don't drop the ball, if we just keep doing the best we can to muddle through for a few more decades, science and technology will lift us to the next level; we will solve our problems.

    Let's drop the political infighting and pull together for once against the common enemy. Don't let blind hatred for Bush and company distract you from something infinitely worse: Islamic extremism.
                                        smile

#1810 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-29 20:14:38

Thanks for the comeback, Clark.
Clark:-

Shaun, peacemaker extraordinaire...  big_smile

    Ha-ha!  :laugh:  Yeah, it sure looks like I'm on the warpath all right!
    Hey, wait a minute ... I am on the warpath!

    I appreciate your debating tactics here, Clark: Turn the argument around and throw it back, undermine the argument by attempting to cause doubts as to its morality, if possible cause pangs of institutionalised 'white man's guilt' in your opponent.
    These are all perfectly acceptable tactics in, say, a highschool polemic meeting and they would no doubt earn you points for your team.

    But I think you may have missed the point of my post (accidentally, of course .. ! ). This isn't highschool any more and terrorist attacks are not hypothetical. In the real world, nobody educated takes seriously the argument you make, by implication, that islamic fundamentalism is somehow worthy of comparison with liberal democracy. It plainly is not and you know this full well, my machiavellian friend!
    I reiterate my point again that we no longer have the luxury of time to debate the finer points of one social system versus another, and in the case of islamic fundamentalism it's a 'no-contest' anyhow.
    We're all targets. If we're not under attack today, we almost certainly will be tomorrow; that's what our opponents do, it's their mission.
    I'm suggesting we abandon the kind of cute 'ivory tower' musings you put forward in your last post and all pull together in what I see as a potentially very serious contest for civilisation in this new century.

[P.S. And please, Clark, don't come back with: "Name one cute ivory tower musing in my last post" or "Who are you to say liberal democracy is better than islamic fundamentalism?". ... Cos it won't work!!   big_smile   ]

#1811 Re: Not So Free Chat » American Moon Base prediction... - tell me what you think » 2003-08-29 19:39:00

Why not the Moon by 2010 and off to Mars in 2018? Sounds much better to me!
                                       smile

#1812 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-29 07:47:42

Good points, Byron.
    I sympathise entirely with your sentiment that it would be very satisfying to mobilise a massive effort to root out this 'cancer' once and for all. But that may be easier said than done.
    I suspect the weak point in your argument may be in comparing this war with the more formal war against Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan. At least that one was fought by regular armies 'out in the open', so to speak. Today's terror war reminds me of the legendary boxing tactics of Muhammad Ali, who expressed it in his own poetic style: "Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee; your hands can't hit what your eyes can't see".
    A major mobilisation may well prove ineffective against guerilla warfare of this kind. Where would you concentrate your firepower? Germany's renowned military prowess was severely hampered in WWII by covert resistance operations conducted by French, Polish and Russian saboteurs behind the main battle lines. This went on despite absolutely savage reprisals by the Gestapo and the SS against civilian populations. And those people were merely fighting for their countries; these muslim fundamentalists think they're fighting for God!!
    Don't misunderstand me, Byron, I'm not suggesting we shouldn't increase our resolve to destroy these fanatics. I merely query how best to go about it. It may be that the current undercover investigations and manhunts are the best way. I can't imagine suddenly sending 50 army divisions into, say, Malaysia to raze the terrorist training camps, without very serious objections from the Malaysian government! I think we need to fight smarter, not harder.

    Another point is the tendency by some parts of the media to associate religious fundamentalism with poverty. In a way, I agree with the connection, but not in the way it's portrayed on TV and radio. There it's reported that poverty and hopelessness cause islamic fundamentalism to blossom; I say that islamic fundamentalism causes the poverty and hopelessness in the first place.
    I don't have the figures handy but I read a report which showed clearly the correlation between islamic states and economic and technological backwardness. Science can't flourish in a closed society where the exchange of ideas has to pass a vetting process by islamic clerics to see whether the Koran allows it. And here's the big one ... (as we have mentioned elsewhere at New Mars), how many countries can exclude 50% of their people, their women, from social, educational, and workplace fulfilment and still expect to prosper?!! NONE!  [Hell! My wife informs me, frequently, that Australia is only spared complete collapse by the efforts of Australian women.  big_smile  ]
    Osama Bin Laden was never poor and neither was his evil little Egyptian side-kick Ayman Al-Zawahiri. Many islamic states are floating on oil; hardly something which predisposes a country to poverty. Yet, when interviewed on television, their people all spout the same anti-western doctrine. They're not driven to such hatred because they're poor and hungry; they're obviously schooled in it by their religious leaders.
    I don't subscribe at all to the notion that this awful terrorism which threatens liberal democracy is an economic war. That's just more of the usual guilt-trip an opportunistic left-wing tries to hang on us at every turn.
    No, this is an attempt by one group to forcibly impose its religious beliefs on the rest of us and it's going to be very hard to stop them. We really need to put all our own political rivalries aside right now and pool our resources ... this is serious business.
                                         ???

#1813 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-28 20:00:30

For what it's worth, I agree with Cindy to a very large extent. We differ in as much as Cindy believes the Iraq thing was unnecessary, but I respect that opinion.
    Clark seems to outline the reality of the terrorist problem quite pragmatically at times, recognising that the U.S. has done the right thing but for the wrong reasons, but then gets lost in the minutiae of the argument as usual. He then appears unable to fathom why his discussions always end in 'acrimony' and 'hurt feelings' etc. (I think it's just frustration with the endless dissection of every nuance of meaning, Clark. You can take the intellectually rigorous examination of every minor point of interpretation too far, I think.) But, as always, there are very important and interesting points raised in Clark's contributions and I, for one, appreciate that.
    Dickbill, in his own inimitable fashion, makes his arguments amusingly and well. Actually, sometimes his ironies are so well maintained I have trouble sorting the 'real' from the 'staged'!  big_smile

    If anyone's interested, my point is essentially pragmatic too. Regardless of how the world came to this state of affairs, we're in it! .. Now. .. Whether we like it or not.
    We can try to unravel the knot of international political relationships over the past half century in order to apportion blame. We can beat our breasts, confess our sins and maybe salve our consciences by saying 'my government did this, it wasn't my fault'. But we all elect our governments, we all live our western life-style, we all use the oil and pollute the air, we all enjoy the economic well-being that comes of technological advancement.
    We can wring our hands and show our compatriots that we are of a higher moral order than others by condemning every move our government makes as a further example of evil. But we're part of the western world .. if not in our own eyes, then certainly in the eyes of muslim fundamentalists, who won't take the time to enquire whether we're 'hawks' or 'doves' or Democrats or Republicans before shoulder-launching a missile at the plane we just took off in!

    The stage is set. There are forces out there with very definite aims: The destruction of Israel and the annihilation of the jewish people; the destruction of the American/European liberal democratic life-style of all 'westerners', including Australia; the establishment across south-east Asia of a Pan Islamic Superstate, taking in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and The Philippines; and the imposition of muslim theocratic rule in as many countries as possible.

    You can't run from or hide from this conflict. It's up and running and it's coming to a neighbourhood near you! We have no choice but to fight because this enemy is not open to negotiation. You can't argue with 'the word of God'

    Can we at least agree on this much?   ???

#1814 Re: Not So Free Chat » Appropriate Topics: On War and Politics » 2003-08-28 08:23:08

I don't think it was about oil.
I think it was genuinely about security on a world scale.
I don't know where the WMDs are - maybe they've been destroyed or shipped out. Maybe there weren't any.
I still think Afghanistan and Iraq were justifiable wars.
I think the UN is impotent in such things.
I am so sorry for the U.S. and U.K. troops on the ground.
I am so sorry for the average Afghan/Iraqi trying to just live.
I hope very much that America will succeed in rebuilding both Afghanistan and Iraq despite the rabid religious lunatics.
I very much appreciate the sacrifices being made by America and Britain in the interests of democracy and security; a heavy burden.
From recent documentaries, I think western civilisation is up against it in a big way.
This terrorism isn't about poverty or oil; it's a war of ideologies.
Our enemy is without reason and without pity; a religious zealot, the worst of all possible opponents.
This enemy will not relent if we walk away. S/he will carry the war to us wherever we are.
This enemy does not comprehend liberal democracy and the rights of the individual.
In one form or another, we will be fighting this war for decades or longer; it may never be over.
But we have to fight it.
I, for one, will not go back to the middle ages, nor will I abandon progress.
I won't be told where to get off by some ignoramus who knows nothing, sees nothing, and cares for nothing outside his own twisted view of the contents of the Koran.
This is serious business.
The light of civilisation is worth fighting for, even to the death.
Let's do our best to make sure it's their death and not ours.
                                         sad

#1815 Re: Human missions » Artifical Gravity design - Ship design to create AG? » 2003-08-28 01:28:37

Hi again Lacodia.
    I think you're attempting to get a free lunch here and I'm afraid it won't work. You're trying to maintain a 1g centripetal force on your astronauts using small thrusters expending minimal fuel.
    "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction". In space this law is more apparent than anywhere on Earth. If you've got astronauts bearing down on the floor of your spacecraft with an acceleration of 1g, you have to have 1g of thrust, in the opposite direction, under the floor of that craft. There's just no getting away from it. And that's going to cost you just as much fuel per second as accelerating in a straight line, except the journey's taking you much much longer.
    Your car-on-the-ground analogy doesn't help either because there you're relying on friction between the tyres and the road to provide the centripetal acceleration. Your energy losses would be enormous, by the way, but that's not the main problem with the comparison. In space there's simply nothing to push against. You have to provide all of the acceleration and the only way to do it (at least as far as we know today) is good ol' rocketry!

    I really and truly hate to rain on parades and I have to say your idea is one I've never come across before (full marks for originality! ) but it relies on something-for-nothing when you analyse it. The laws of physics are ruthless when it comes to that sort of thing and, however hard you try to get around them, they always make sure you obey .. one way or another!
                                     sad

#1818 Re: Human missions » Artifical Gravity design - Ship design to create AG? » 2003-08-27 18:54:29

Free Spirit:-

... Shaun will come to see the logic of the Green Anarchists and will run with the luddite hordes to burn down every last trace of industrial civilisation. Yes, eventually we'll see Shaun kicking back in animal skins and foraging for wild berries out in the jungle. ...

    Ha ha ha !!  :laugh: What a picture that conjures up .. very amusing, Free Spirit!
                                        big_smile

#1819 Re: Human missions » Columbia Loss Adds More Support to Hypothesis » 2003-08-27 04:25:13

Hi Robert!
    Thanks for the illuminating run-down on the VentureStar performance figures and how a Timberwind-powered version might perform.
    The bottom line is indeed impressive, moving up from a payload of 27 tonnes to 472 tonnes!

    But your objection to actually building such a vehicle has me a little puzzled. The optimum LOX/LH2 mixture is four times denser than LH2 alone. I assume from this that we need to carry four times the volume of fuel for the Timberwind nuclear option(?)
    If the fuel were carried in cylindrical tanks (which is not the case with VentureStar, I know), doubling the radius of the cylinders would achieve the volumetric increase required. If the tanks were spherical (again not the case, I realise) the radius of the spheres would only need to be 60% greater to get the amount of LH2 needed.

    These dimensional increases don't seem, at least on the face of it, to be too dramatic. Why not just make the VentureStar dimensions a little larger?
    I realise 'a little larger' means rather more in practice than it appears in theory, but surely even increasing VentureStar's empty mass by 50% to 134 tonnes, to enlarge and strengthen it, would still result in a respectable payload-to-orbit ... or would it? Perhaps I'm underestimating the problems here(?).
                                            ???

    Incidentally, did someone say Timberwind is not the 'cleanest' kind of NTR, or am I daydreaming? I understand all this is just an exercise in mental engineering and Timberwind is a convenient 'off-the-shelf' engine to consider, but are there theoretically cleaner and/or more efficient NTR's which might enhance our tonnage-to-orbit figures still further?
Just a thought.
    Once again, thanks for a stimulating tour of fantasy spacecraft of the 'didn't-quite-make-it' future!   sad

#1820 Re: Human missions » Artifical Gravity design - Ship design to create AG? » 2003-08-27 00:07:56

Hi Lacodia!
    My initial response to this is that you are still accelerating the entire mass of the craft at 9.81 m/sec/sec. You have to be because otherwise you won't get the desired effect in the crewed inner hull.
    All you are doing to create the change in angular momentum is trading the inward pull of the tether for the inward push of the thrusters.
    There's nothing intrinsically wrong with that of course, except for the continuous high rate of fuel usage in the thrusters. Considering that you're using a standard Hohmann transfer orbit, it's still a 6 month trip. That's a long time to be firing those thrusters! If you were to just aim your craft at Mars and accelerate at 1g, flipping around at the half way mark and decelerating at 1g, the trip would take about 42 hours. (Assuming you waited until Mars was closest to Earth.)
    I think the latter method is considerably more fuel efficient! Unless I'm missing something important here.
                                       smile

    By the way, a warm welcome to New Mars! You'll have a ball here with some of the discussions.
    Most members are great fun, though quite a few of them are politically right out there on the edge. But don't worry. My politics are perfectly normal and reasonable (thank God), so if there's anything you need to know on that score just ask me! OK?
                                      tongue   big_smile

#1821 Re: Mars Society International » I WANT - MARS » 2003-08-26 19:27:23

It's interesting to hear that so many roads in U.S. states have a 75mph limit.
    Here in Australia where the towns are pretty far apart too, especially in my state of Queensland, we have a blanket limit on the open road of 100kph (62.5mph).
    The exception to this rule is in the Northern Territory, where most roads (and there aren't that many in the first place! ) have no limit at all, and on a few isolated stretches of multi-lane highway elsewhere, where the limit is 110kph.

    Admittedly, some of the roads here may not be equal in quality to most of your roads, but in general people here think the limit is too low.
    Our politicians see a car smash on a highway and immediately appear on TV to announce tighter speed controls, ostensibly to protect us from ourselves (as usual). Its good political grandstanding; showing 'genuine concern' for the electorate etc. But some of our limits on very high quality roads are now so low it takes a great deal of concentration just to stay under them! Sometimes I literally spend as much time checking my speedo as I do watching out for the inevitable klutzes we all share the roads with. I've taken to setting my cruise control wherever possible, even on relatively short suburban stretches, just so I can go back to watching the traffic instead of engaging in constant 'fine avoidance'.
    All Australian state budgets are now so dependent upon speeding fines for revenue, it's unthinkable to raise speed limits anywhere because it would reduce state income. More speed cameras are being installed every month in Queensland and next year's budget has already factored in a major increase in speeding fine revenue! They simply can't afford to raise limits, ever ... even if common sense dictated it and even if they wanted to.
                                           sad

#1822 Re: Not So Free Chat » Apropos of Nothing » 2003-08-26 07:53:27

Byron writes:-

In that case, they'll set off world-wide EMP bursts, and send us pitiful humans back to the Stone Age...

    Why should they side with the islamic fundamentalists?

#1823 Re: Mars Society International » I WANT - MARS » 2003-08-26 07:47:47

They all sound good to me ... I've got to cross a large pond to get to the good ol' U.S. of A. anyhow!

    But I suppose Pasadena is better for Cindy(? ). Are there any good 'Marsy' or 'spacey' attractions in Phoenix?   ???

#1824 Re: Life on Mars » New research paper says - Mars life unlikely » 2003-08-26 07:31:53

Rex writes:-

Surely there is more before we're done.

    Oh yes, Rex! Don't misunderstand me. I haven't exactly thrown in the towel just yet and I'm quite sure you haven't either!
                                           smile

    I haven't totally given up on a trip to the Moon in my old age for one thing.        :;):

[P.S. Thanks for the compliment, by the way. It's always gratifying to think one's comments about inner feelings have been well received.]

#1825 Re: Water on Mars » H20, where'd it go? - What happened to Marsian water? » 2003-08-26 01:39:54

Hi Free Spirit!
    Apparently the water in comets is added to a planet's inventory, regardless of how quickly or thoroughly it is vapourised by its arrival.
    If you're interested, I posted about the snowball comet theory in this topic, 'Water on Mars', under the heading 'Mars is hiding something amazing. One man's view.' I've just re-read it and, although most of it seems at least superficially accurate, I realise now that the estimates of water loss from Mars I used are outdated. Even the allowance of 1/3rd for losses, which at the time I thought conservative, is optimistic by a factor of at least 2!! That's if you accept the relevance of the D/H enrichment factor of 5.5, which means a loss of 60-90% as I noted above.

    But if the snowball comet theory proves to be correct, and if my guesstimate of a total cumulative water inventory sufficient to submerge the lowland regions of Mars to a depth of 6 kilometres is anywhere near the truth, then we still have some water to play with!
    The D/H-enrichment-ratio conclusions themselves are based on the assumption that the present ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in terrestrial and cometary water is also what Mars started out with. I seem to remember this was disputed recently, in favour of a lesser water loss figure (I'll try to track that article down if I get a chance). But, for the sake of argument, let's assume the 60-90% loss figure is correct.
    Taking an average of the 60 to 90% range, i.e. 75%, then Mars could still have 1/4 of all the water it outgassed or accumulated. This is still enough to give us an Oceanus Borealis with an average depth of 1500 metres.

    It will be absolutely fascinating to see the data sent back by the Mars Express ground-penetrating radar next year. We know there's a lot of ice in the regolith; much more, it seems, than most scientists can explain, given the D/H figure. But we don't know how deep it goes and hence what volume we're dealing with.
    My gut feeling is that there will be enough water to throw the D/H ratio conclusion into doubt and to revive interest in the snowball comet theory!
    But then again, who knows?!!       smile

    As for the carbonate found in the Martian dust, it does concern me! If Mars was ever as watery as I think it was, its CO2 atmosphere must have been gradually turned into carbonate rocks. On Earth, this process was instrumental in ridding us of a massive CO2 atmosphere, probably nearly as dense as that of Venus. But we were left with a still substantial nitrogen atmosphere, enhanced with about 200 millibars of oxygen (on average).
    On Mars, we can't seem to find much nitrogen. So the Martian atmosphere depended on CO2 for virtually all its bulk, a sad situation if it was left in contact with liquid water for long enough!
    We may be in trouble with the CO2 inventory!   sad

    I've got my fingers crossed that new data will come to light and give us back the prospect of using CO2 to terraform Mars. Right now, I'm not sure what to think.
    Roll on next year!
                                         smile

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