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For comparison, here are microimager shots of soil disturbed by the rover.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … .HTML]This one was taken inside the earlier rover tracks.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … .HTML]This one is immediately adjacent to the earlier rover tracks.
There's an imprint where the imager packed the soil in both photos. Only the second shows a section of "undisturbed" soil, though it's apparently covered with a petina of dust kicked up by the rover as it passed and the original soil surface is not visible.
The cracking is just as clearly visible in the soil packed and ground up by the rover wheels as it is in patches of undisturbed soil, only the edges are cleaner.
Hmm... That's odd. Would a salt crust do that?
[oops]Uh-oh. These images are adjacent photos taken near the same impression. One shows the top half of the circular imprint, the other shows the bottom. The undisturbed soil patch is clearly in some other frame. [/oops]
Giant space ring? Bah.
With oil production about to peak in the next few years and decline in the next few decades, we probably won't even need the Kyoto Protocol, much less this thing. No petroleum = No carbon source = no carbon dioxide.
Mother nature is about to step in and take care of global warming for us. If we can't play responsibly with our oil supply, she'll just take it away, and if we don't have enough sense to develop other power sources instead, that'll just be too bad.
We would do much better to worry about where our next tank of petrol is coming from than where our space ring is going. The world needs to start conserving fuels right now.
Those are not pebbles, IMO, they closely resemble the blueberries....
I suspect any sort of small pebbles would fill the same role under these conditions. So I'll just concede that this gravel is almost certainly hematite blueberries (the ubiquitous pebbles of Meridiani), and redirect your attention to the small cracks in the imager photos.
I said they're drying cracks, but they could just as easily be due to some sort of thermal weathering or mechanical shock. Please set that aside for a minute. The important thing to realize about these cracks and depressions is that they are not filled in.
These photos were taken at the base of a dune of windblown dust. Dust blows everywhere on Mars. Nearby is Purgatory, a concentration of dust (supposedly) so fine that a six-wheeled RC car can barely dig itself out, and that no doubt blows everywhere just like all the other dust, only faster.
So why aren't these cracks filled with dust like every other half-way level soil surface? And why would there be any depression near those pebbles/blueberries?
Obviously there hasn't been time to fill them. Either they're very young, or there isn't as much loose dust in this area as our terrestrial models would have us believe. Or a little of both.
I'm also very interested by the expanse of apparently similar terrain south of the rover.
I smell water, and I think the odor is wafting from the south! Opportunity needs to finish up here and head that way. I also think MOC pictures of that area should be re-examined for evidence of recent water vapor outgassing. Does anyone know if Mars Express has examined that area with its spectrometer yet?
The cracking I mentioned is even more visible in this microimager photo taken nearby.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … icroImager Photo from Sol 505
Oddly, it seems restricted to the bright area around the sunken pebbles.
Those bright areas are not water ice, though. If they were, they would probably glisten.
Well, finally!
Opportunity is finally using its microscopic imager to look at the soil it was trapped in earlier. It's still at a safe remove from Purgatory, but is returning fascinating data nonetheless.
And I can now submit another Wild *ss Guess about conditions on Mars!
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … .HTML]This is a disturbed section. It has been dug out by the wheels. Note the small clumps that clung together as they were slung around. They appear to be soil grains cemented together. There's also an apparent absence of pebbles in the dug up soil.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … .HTML]This is an undisturbed patch between the wheels. This is the really odd one. Notice how the large pebbles in and around that high albedo section in the middle are depressed into the surrounding soil. The same is visible in most of the other micrographs made in the same area, but they were not pushed in by contact with the imager or other instruments. The edges of the depressions are surprisingly sharp. The occurence of a high albedo area around the depressed pebbles seems to recur from photo to photo, too. And last but not least, if you click on the image and get the enlarged view, you'll also notice the entire image is webbed with what appear to be drying cracks in the soil.
As I said, this is a section still several feet from Purgatory - the rover did not dig itself in here. The underlying soil is still solid enough that it's unlikely disturbance by the rover is responsible for the observed depression and cracking.
So, I want to withdraw an earlier statement and say:
I think this patch was once wet, and later freeze dried into a crumbly - but cohesive - mass of dried dust. Those pebbles in that second photo sank into it under their own weight, just like Opportunity did at the Purgatory site.
Its's just another guess based on the fact that Purgatory is clearly a piled up dune, not a puddle, but I suspect it probably was never wet enough to be regarded as mud. Prolonged exposure to outgassed water vapor might have been enough. That could, in fact, explain the suspicious distribution of albedo across the images. The surface is brighter where the water vapor was.
Dook, you wrote:
Any statement I make is absolutely NOT religious. Man created religion and it has replaced God. Why would God desire you to go to a church and pay another man to tell you what you should be doing?
and
Do you think that we are here to invent new technology?
I think that the first is a charming set of religious opinions. :;):
As for the second, my answer is "yes", or I wouldn't waste time doing it. I only take issue with those who believe that making new gadgets is all we're here to do.
Cindy, you wrote:
*Hmmmmm. Perhaps it's a misunderstanding on my part, but are some people here implying that a belief in God means the believer is altruistic, compassionate, charitable and sociable; and, conversely, that agnostics or atheists can't be those things, but instead are consumed by greed and materialism?
I'm fortunate enough to know that's not true. However, there are an awful lot of little christian soldiers out there who believe that dehumanizing the enemy makes them better fighters.
Several thousand years of military history assures me they're correct. What that has to do with altruism, compassion and charity, though, I have no idea.
Dick, you wrote:
Material wealth leads to rocket science
and there was never a truer word spoken. But you also wrote:
Volunteerism and underfunding "just don't cut it," as witness the latest solar-sail effort--no backup, assumptions of success where none had been every step of the way before.
I wasn't aware that volunteerism had been given enough of a chance - or that there were even enough steps involved - to be able to make that statement.
So, why not try it in the field and see if it works?
*Hi CM. I was raised in a very religious home, so I have that familiarity. ... Frankly, it brought me nothing but grief, hardship and disillusionment overall. Definitely not a good experience and something I don't care to repeat.
Sorry to hear that, but I'm glad you're no longer in that situation.
Please clarify: Did you have any specific problems with christian ideas about greed and possessions during your childhood in a very religious household?
I've mentioned before that when I consider the complexity of even just the human eye -- or when I'm outdoors with my telescope, beholding various cosmic splendors -- I wonder how there couldn't be a God. There must be.
Then when I look around at the human state of affairs...I wonder how there could be a God.
So true.
I often find that people who've never actually studied science before really have little idea of the true grandeur of the universe. Even when dealing with apparently stochastic phenomena, the order of it all is a revelation. Personally, not being an agnostic, I find that the grandeur of the universe tends to strengthen my faith.
However, having studied physics and other sciences in depth, I know that the methods that allow us to see even these tiny hints of our universe's true nature do not themselves inherently imply or deny a creator diety. If physics equations that apply equally throughout the universe make no distinction between which way is up or the direction time is flowing at the moment, how can they distinguish between the presence or absence of a God?
Similarly, game theory provides strong indications that simple rules like "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," "Give a small fraction of your income to charity," "Forgive those who trespass against you," etc., are actually strategically advantageous tactics for daily life. At the same time, it also reveals that Blaise Pascal's original return matrix arguments concerning the advantage of a belief in God are technically incomplete. Game theory agrees that Jesus did happen to be right once in a while, but tells no more about his true nature than physics does.
And don't even get me started on using "Intelligent Design" models of evolution to evangelize for religion. :sleep: It doesn't matter if chromosome 16 turns out to be a UPC bar code. It conveys nothing about God.
Science always allows for an alternative without devine intervention. That is its nature - the pursuit of knowledge, not faith. So, what about Dook's clearly religious statement about the uselessness of materialism?
Well, I suggest an exercise in faith.
Considering the words of Jesus apart from the concept of God (not technically possible, but if you're already apostate then what's the harm in a little heretical modalism? :;): ), we know that some of the behaviors he advocated are useful tactics even though they are apparently sacrificial in the short term. The proof of "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" as a viable tactic waited two thousand years for the mathematical tools to handle non-zero sum return matrices. (The mathematics of the famous "Tit-for-Tat" proof was quite a breakthrough in modern mathematics.) Why not others as well that game theory simply hasn't caught up with yet? Surely "Beware of greed, for a man's life consists not in the abundance of things he possesses" could be equally valid.
So, why not try it in the field and see if it works? Run on out there and live the words of Jesus. True, it could backfire on you. Some biblical sayings can bring you to grief. (For example, I can't recommend "Thou shall not suffer a witch to live" as a life tactic. That's nothing but trouble.) But if you don't have enough faith (courage? curiosity? poverty?) to try it, then you'll have to sit around and wait on the mathematical proof. That could take another two thousand years, in which time you could end up buying a lot of useless gadgets.
Speaking of land condemnation/eminant domain, has anyone ever seen "The Castle" starring Michael Caton? It's a good movie. I highly recommend it.
That then leaves the problem of what to do with the old skipper.
Marooning, exile, or hanging come to mind. Or, if we're really mad at the guy, we can transfer him back and forth between Mars and Earth a few times, repeatedly whipping his command out from under him like a rug.
That ought to handle it. :;):
NASA and Lockheed wouldn't have put so much effort into the X-33 project if it had a decent chance of working...
Yeah, I thought it was a conspiracy, too. :;):
They launch tomorrow! How exciting.
Currently 14% of your income taxes goes towards no program, it's pure interest. Year after year after year it's wasted.
Gee, that's a lot of cash to disappear without a trace.
Hmm... Do you think they're burning it? Loading it into the space shuttle SRB's, perhaps? Or perhaps it's being ground up for mulch? Pet litter? Wall paper, perhaps?
Perhaps - since it isn't actually being paid to any banks, bondholders, or any other entities that might someday spend it back into the economy - we could intercept a little of that money. After all, who would miss it?
...this is the sort of thing that gets hammered out in confrence between the Senate and House versions of the bill.
All right, then, I'll change my vote.
I still say that no amount of past expenses on a research project automatically justifies future expenses on the same project. That won't change.
However, the whole reason that $2.8 billion in research funding could be let go without a qualm is the hope of hitting on another scheme that will work. Unless you are a psychic who can predict the result of a experiments that have never been run, cancelling research projects before results become available is just bad policy. Use of that threat by the US Congress to manipulate another bill is just wrong, both morally and economically.
There's no return from projects that pan out if none are ever allowed to pan out.
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/ … 2M1.HTML]I found all the missing dirt
This is a panaramic camera view of the dune Opportunity dug itself out of, taken on sol 496. It uses a filter to show looser soil. I had thought the original displacement of soil was rather small, but apparently running all six wheels through the trench dug out a large enough volume of dirt to account for it all.
It's got some very unusual properties, but it's not freeze dried marsian quicksand. I'm almost disappointed. :;):
Opportunity is (finally!) turning around to get a better look at the formation, though. It has also been given an appropriate name: "Purgatory".
It is to bad that we dump so much money down to research but get so little from it.
I would disagree. The bulk of funded research doesn't reveal anything of immediate use, yet funding research still gives a net return because the few projects that do pan out tend to be of sufficient economic value to cover the loss for all the rest.
$2.8 billion is a lot of expense for a set of failed projects, but it will be made up elsewhere.
.. and bring lots of nutraffins.
No sense being overly bound by a line some Brit drew on a map in the last century. Use the cultural rifts to our advantage and give them what they want at the same time.
I don't trust this partitioning idea.
Problems include, but are not limited to:
In return for some help we got from them, we made assurances to Turkey that we wouldn't deliberately do this. As far as tactics on the ground go, that's a non-issue - we don't need the Turks anymore. But it would be harmful for our international negotiations in general, even so.
The Iraqis already have a new government, one which we have declared sovereign and has its own army. If we break our word to them as well, will we then need to conquer Iraq a second time? (Snubbing Turkey would be nothing compared to that.)
Then there's the Insurgency. Or, I should say, the various insurgencies. They seem to have devolved into a lot of infighting lately. Their motivations may be too diverse to simply "give them what they want", and attempts to do so might reunify the unsatisfied remnants. That's not dramatically different from the situation today, but don't expect partitioning to improve anything there.
Then, there's the people and the humanitarian catastrophe we'd be abandoning, the oil we'd never get, the boost a weak Iraq would give to Iran, the boost our retreat would give to Al Qaeda, etc, etc.
No, the opportunity to partition Iraq has come and gone. We've made too many promises, and gone too far down the road to reconstruction to simply change direction now.
My advice?
The Romans had it right. Age quod agis. If you're going to rebuild Iraq, rebuild Iraq.
Hmm...
I was going to sing a long song about the value of forgiveness as a social strategy.
However, if you'll forgive me :;): , I think Fledi's point has more potential for discussion:
... changes only really happen when a large enough percentage of the population begin to suffer because of a worsening situation. Then the problems become more and more visible, with beggars on the streets etc..
True. It's also true that those reactions aren't necessarily positive or proportional. Or rational.
Perhaps we should try an experiment. Everybody look around, as you go about your day, and see if there are any examples of how you, personally, are suffering because of a "worsening situation" in US Culture. Are you, personally, being harmed or hampered in any way at all by a recent cultural phenomenon? Are your troubles occuring on a daily basis, or was there one big overarching moment where some newly oppressive cultural phenomenon crushed you and stood on you ever since? How many beggars do you know, and have you met any new ones lately? Is some change costing you money? Costing you your livelihood? Are you posting from prison?
The US is a big country. The law of averages alone says that if you search far enough afield, you'll find some random thing or other gone wrong. Can you give examples of what's going wrong in the USA today without scouring the whole country?
Do you want to know a really sad thing? I had already clicked three links before I realized that I was reading a satire. Sometimes its hard to tell...
-----I'm also more than familiar with how abusive people can be who take it upon themselves to wield power.-----
----Especially when that power isn't answerable to anyone.-----
[...] And then there's Bill O'Reilly, sitting up there in New York (might as well be Honolulu, Hawaii) thinking he knows all about the situation, lives right in it, etc.
I've got it! We can send in Bill O'Reilly! He'll straighten out those vigilantees and desperados!
Every generation should have a hero to look up to like Bill O'Reilly.
:laugh:
Oh, BTW, before anybody asks, I did write "solar thermal powerplants can operate at night". Solar thermal powerplants need the heat, not the light. Anything that will release heat back to the generator will keep it running at night.
A ton of molten lithium can soak up enough heat during the day to keep a kilowatt generator going for hours after dark.
But for Earth applications it's surprising to see all the solar cells on top of buildings and nothing like that. Maybe it's because this supposedly has to stay pointed at the sun more precisely?
Exactly. Solar thermal powerplants are seen as less reliable than photovoltaic powerplants.
People forget that solar thermal powerplants can operate at night, producing two to three times the peak power output of photovoltaics - at half the initial price, with equivalent maintenance costs.
But the spectre of the repair man looms too large...
Anyone who doesn't understand the motivation behind the minutemen simply needs to go home, look out their front window, and imagine watching a tresspasser walking across their front yard. Keep imagining it, every day.
With the exception of the more dangerous passages (those ones in the news, with people dying in the desert), most everybody making an illegal crossing has to travel across land owned by someone in the US. Usually the owner lives on the parcel in question, in a nice house with food, water, and tempting valuables. Desperate mexicans are no more likely to follow the law than desperate americans. If your place is a sufficiently popular crossing, and sufficiently isolated, eventually you will be burgled.
Statistically, the incidence of burglary related to illegal immigration is so low as to be nearly negligible. Less than one in a thousand illegal immigrants enters this country with the intent of committing a felony. But if you have a thousand tresspassers a year walking across your front lawn, eventually you are bound to encounter one who doesn't just keep walking.
"Moreover, we had absolute restrictions on using salt, but were allowed to add a bit of sugar and fat, ingredients normally essential to the elaboration of a dish and to highlight its flavours."
Well, that could be trouble. Recent evidence suggests that Mars has a lot more salt than sugar. Perhaps sugar beets should be added to their list of ingredients?