Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

tahanson43206 · 2023-12-22 10:09:46

For SpaceNut ... we had no topics with the words "celestial" and "navigation"

On Earth, Celestial Navigation has been used by sailor for many thousands of years, and by other creatures for millions of years.

Celestial Navigation was used to complete the Apollo Missions, and I expect it is still the major navigation method used for planning space flights today.

This topic is offered for those members who might wish to contribute to a collection of links and text to illuminate the subject for present and future readers.

During the Apollo missions, the navigator behind the Moon, out of communication with Earth, had to point the spacecraft precisely at a celestial object. That was a lot of responsibility, and every one of the navigators on the missions carried out that responsibility accurately.

This topic will open with a vision of a collection of data/information that may not exist at present.

In later posts, we have the opportunity to find and point to repositories of information about flight planning for current missions, whether it be to the Moon, Mars or any other Solar System objectives.

I expect we will find that in each and EVERY case, a star sighting is required before ANY burn is initiated. The sole exception may be orbital maneuvers, which may be restricted to the three bodies in play ... the mass around which the space craft is orbiting, the vehicle itself, and the target, which may be another vehicle, an object of interest, or just a position that is advantageous for some reason.

The skyscape as seen from Earth is available for anyone with Internet access, at theskylive.com. That web site is the source of position data for Mars as posted in the daily Calendar update.

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tahanson43206 · 2023-12-22 10:18:15

This is a vision statement. To the best of my knowledge (admittedly limited) no such repository exists.

Every single engine burn of the Apollo missions was performed when the space vehicle was pointing at a star, with the sole exception of burns performed to achieve in-orbit docking, and even there, the celestial background would have been visible as a reference.

It is possible that documentation of the computations performed to select a star for each burn are still available, but whether those documents can be found is a question. The Apollo missions took place in a time before computers were advanced enough for reliable service. John Glenn famously accepted a computer computation of a flight plan only if it matched the work done by the female computers he had relied upon previously.

The Apollo flight plans and related celestial navigation computations, would be (could be) a useful reference for future space craft navigators.

It is possible that there are books written to document those missions, and many others that have take place, before and since.

In today's Universe, automated navigation systems perform the pointing duties, but they still depend upon identification of a particular star (or perhaps set of stars) ahead of each burn.

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RobertDyck · 2023-12-22 12:14:42

Institute of Navigation: Sextant, Apollo Guidance and Navigation System

NASA (pdf): Apollo Onboard Navigation Techniques

Smithsonian Institute (pdf): Deep Space Navigation: The Apollo VIII Mission

NASA history: Navigation Stars used in the AOT (Alignment Optical Telescope)

MIT (pdf): Apollo Astronaut's Guidance and Navigation Course Notes

tahanson43206 · 2024-07-19 20:14:34

Thanks to RobertDyck for Post #3, with the image of the actual navigation instrument used in the Apollo missions and links to relevant information.

Saturday marks the 55th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. The cosmos is providing a full moon, and there are plenty of other events to honor the first lunar landing on July 20, 1969.9 hours ago
Moon fests, moon movie and even a full moon mark 55th ...
AP News
https://apnews.com › article › nasa-apollo-11-55th-anni...
Apollo 11 moon landing 50th anniversary
Remembering the Apollo 11 Moon Landing – 50th Anniversary Event Celebrations

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-13 06:45:44

This topic seems best fitted for posts about how to navigate a space craft in the Solar System, away from the surface of the Earth.

The recent work of GW Johnson, to offer instructional material as part of a course on Basic Orbital Mechanics represents the foundation of knowledge that would be needed for a spacecraft navigator to plan burns to achieve mission objectives.

As Quaoar and others have pointed out, software able to perform 3 Body calculations is needed to assist a spacecraft navigator in planning a flight.

The success of navigators who have planned missions to Solar System objects in the decades since Sputnik shows that it is possible for a number of individuals to master the knowledge and acquire the skills needed for spacecraft navigation.

I am hoping this topic will accumulate posts that contribute to building a store of knowledge to assist a human to plan a space flight from Earth to Mars or anywhere else a customer might want to send a package.

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-13 06:55:03

This post may contain a selection of book titles offered on Amazon about space navigation, if the paste works...

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-13 06:59:07

The direction GW Johnson is heading (or seems to me to be heading) is toward providing guidance a young person would need in order to become a successful spacecraft navigator in the decades ahead, when commercial shipping of goods of all kinds between Solar System locations will become common.

As the post ahead of this one shows (#5), there are a number of books available that appear to be designed to assist a student in learning how to navigate a spacecraft in the Solar System. I am hoping this topic will eventually contain (or point to) resources that an individual might study to become a spacecraft navigator.

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-19 14:08:59

as a follow up to Post #6, I ordered a copy of "Planetary Spacecraft Navigation" from Amazon and the book arrived today.

It appears to be everything I had hoped for. It contains massive quantities of advanced math, lots of diagrams, and multiple studies of actual planetary probe missions.

My hope is to (somehow) combine this advanced work with the introductory course material developed by GW Johnson.

The concept GW and I are working on is a text that has elementary school material on the face of each page of the book, and PhD level material on the back side of the same page.

From the preface, James Miller writes:

This book is based on my 50 years of experience in navigation of Earth entry vehicles, Minuteman ballistic missiles, and planetary spacecraft.

If anyone is interested, the book is part of the Space Technology Library:
ISBN 978-3-030-07678-3

The book is also available as an eBook.

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-19 18:02:53

Amazon's display for the book by Miller:

Planetary Spacecraft Navigation (Space Technology Library, 37) 1st ed. 2019 Edition
by James Miller (Author)
4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars 3 ratings
Part of: Space Technology Library (20 books)
This textbook introduces the theories and practical procedures used in planetary spacecraft navigation. Written by a former member of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) navigation team, it delves into the mathematics behind modern digital navigation programs, as well as the numerous technological resources used by JPL as a key player in the field. In addition, the text offers an analysis of navigation theory application in recent missions, with the goal of showing students the relationship between navigation theory and the real-world orchestration of mission operations.

Pages 390

Chapters 9

Answers to selected problems.

Index: pages 385-389 plus part of 390

**** Per Google...

James J. Miller
GPS.gov
https://www.gps.gov › governance › advisory › miller
Mar 19, 2024 — Miller is Deputy Director of the Policy & Strategic Communications Division with the Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program at NASA.

After reading the biography at gps.gov, I've concluded the two gents are NOT the same.
That said, James J. Miller has had a noteworthy career.

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-19 18:34:34

From www.springer.com I found this:

Table of contents (9 chapters)
Front Matter
Pages i-xii
Download chapter PDF
Equations of Motion
James Miller
Pages 1-49
Force Models
James Miller
Pages 51-93
Trajectory Design
James Miller
Pages 95-155
Trajectory Optimization
James Miller
Pages 157-185
Probability and Statistics
James Miller
Pages 187-215
Orbit Determination
James Miller
Pages 217-254
Measurements and Calibrations
James Miller
Pages 255-292
Navigation Operations
James Miller
Pages 293-301
Navigation Analysis
James Miller
Pages 303-378
Back Matter
Pages 379-390

tahanson43206 · 2024-08-19 18:36:39

And elsewhere I found this:

Authors and Affiliations
Porter Ranch, USA
James Miller
About the author
James Miller worked as the assistant Navigation Team Chief on the Viking Mission to Mars in 1976. In 2000, he received the Mechanics and Control of Flight medal from the AIAA for his design of the navigation system for the first orbiting and landing on the asteroid Eros. Further, he designed a trajectory to leave Earth and orbit the Moon with no propulsive maneuvers. This was the first practical solution of the four-body problem, and it has since been used on the missions Hiten, Genesis, and Grail.

Per Google:

Welcome To Porter Ranch!
Porter Ranch Neighborhood Council
https://prnc.org › welcome-porter-ranch
And in 2008 the 91326 zip code was officially designated as Porter Ranch. The City designation coupled with the zip code complete the community identity.

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tahanson43206 · 2024-08-23 15:21:04

In searching for records of the Apollo program, I found a recommendation of this official NASA site:

https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP- … tents.html

The links within the file do not work. The published date is 1979.

Here are references provided by someone going by reys_saber:

u/reys_saber avatar
reys_saber
•
5mo ago
How Apollo Flew to The Moon by David Woods
The Apollo Guidance Computer: Architecture and Operation by Frank O’Brein
NASA Mission AS-506 Apollo 11 1969 (including Saturn V, CM-107, SM-107, LM-5): 50th Anniversary Special Edition by Christoper Riley
NASA Saturn V 1967-1973 (Apollo 4 to Apollo 17 & Skylab) by David Woods
Upvote
2

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#1 2023-12-22 10:09:46

Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#2 2023-12-22 10:18:15

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#3 2023-12-22 12:14:42

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#4 2024-07-19 20:14:34

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#5 2024-08-13 06:45:44

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#6 2024-08-13 06:55:03

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#7 2024-08-13 06:59:07

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#8 2024-08-19 14:08:59

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#9 2024-08-19 18:02:53

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#10 2024-08-19 18:34:34

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#11 2024-08-19 18:36:39

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

#12 2024-08-23 15:21:04

Re: Celestial Navigation - Apollo history - Solar System flights

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