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I wonder if the anti-nuclear crowd would be as opposed to nuclear fusion as they are with fission for energy production. Since nuclear fusion, if you use the right elements, produces no nuclear waste or other extraneous nuclear problems, it would be the ultimate in clean power. Somehow though I still see the anti-nuclear fanatics lobbying Congress to kill such technology while they continue to whine that the pollution from coal burning plants is just unacceptable.
Your post reminds me of the protestors in California, during the 2000 and early 2001 electricity crisis and corresponding "rolling blackouts"; everyone agreed that more power plants needed to be built, but nobody wanted one "in their backyard". It was rather amusing; I recall seeing protestors yelling and waving placards about not having enough electricity ::and:: these were the same goofs ranting against plans for a new power plant to be built in their county! Well, the power plants have to be built SOMEWHERE...and Arizona sure wasn't going to volunteer its borders for California's sake. What was particularly galling to me was some of the protestors claiming the rest of the United States "owed" them electricity, as it is one of the largest states and has the best economy of all states. How ridiculous.
I think "protecting the individual against society versus protecting society against the individual" fits in here somewhere...
--Cindy
The type of pets I'm talking about aren't rigidly programmed toys that have a very limited range of actions. I'm assuming that by time a sizable Mars colony becomes a reality we'll have the technology to compress millions of artificial nuerons with processors that could maybe do trillions of calculations per second in something the size of a cat. Such a beast would learn from its environment much the same way a real animal does and it could be programmed with a rudimentary set of "instincts" so it knows when it needs to meet bodily requirements. Such an animal would be a far cry from something you'd pick up at Toys R Us.
*Well, that puts a finer line on the matter [robotics isn't my strong suit, apparently] Yes, I suppose what you foresee could work.
--Cindy
I wonder if a human occupant would be able to survive being shot out of a Martian space gun.
*Don't know.
What I do know is that I wouldn't volunteer to try it.
--Cindy
But would it be feasible for a colony to spare land to produce food for what are essentially meat-eating animals? Their dietary restraints could make them very expensive in terms of resources to maintain. It might be worth it though considering how important to morale pets could prove.
*Hmmmmm. I don't think robotic pets could replace real ones. I suppose a carnivorous animal may be more expensive to keep than a non-carnivorous one.
Robotic pets would require cost, too: The parts, upkeep, repairs, etc. I suppose a person wanting a robotic cat would like for it to have false fur, false eyeballs (where will you get those on Mars? Would have to ship them in from Earth, I suppose), and rig up a way for it to say "meow."
To be honest, I don't know which is the better ::financial:: option for settlers or colonists.
As for astronauts on missions, I do think a cat as a pet would be the best option [as I outlined in my last post in this thread].
--Cindy
-or- just stick with a one-gender mission, male or female. While there might be some tension there, there shouldn't be any real problems in a single-gender environment (unless a homosexual is on board, so that's something else they would have to screen for.) There's no getting around the chance that any two people might end up hating each other after being cooped up together for so long, but hopefully the risk of this happening would be quite low if proper psychological screening was implemented for the crew selection.
*My apologies to any other women who interact at this message board, but I must state my opinion that if a one-gender crew is slated for Mars Direct, it should be ::male::.
There is much more data on male behavioral patterns, interaction, etc., in close quarters and in extreme conditions (combat, prisoner of war, group exile, etc., situations) than there is data on female behavioral patterns, interaction, etc., in similar situations.
Based on my observations in office environments [and only in office environments...heck, I'm a woman myself, so I really must be fair to my own gender!], women don't get along all that well when confined in close areas. Most tend to pair off in exclusive pairs of 2 [and you are not welcome to intrude] , and then there is the matter of territorality -- which more of my fellow females than I care to recall very aggressively demonstrated in offices. The number of women, in offices, who were generally exclusive, territorial, and hostile to other women outnumbered inclusive, sharing, good-natured gals by about 3 to 1.
I think in a Mars Direct situation, 4 men would get along better, over a 3-year period, than 4 women would.
I could be wrong, of course. I hope I am! This wasn't easy for me to post, all things considered. Again, I'm going on what I've observed and experienced down the years, working in both mixed-gender and women-only environments.
--Cindy
*I guess I'm one of those "it's the little things which count" kind of people.
In regards to the morale of the first astronauts going to Mars, they will spend roughly 3 years away from home, right? I know I'd miss having a cake and flowers for my birthday. Though I'm not religious, I do enjoy decorating my home for the winter holiday season (actually, the Pagan festival of Yule, i.e. the Winter Solstice, preceded Christianity). And I can't imagine not having a turkey with sweet potato casserole and all the trimmings for Thanksgiving. Sure, I know the astronauts will understand before the leave on the mission that they must, in great part, leave these indulgences behind...but understanding and desire are two different things.
Each astronaut will have his or her special holiday observances they will miss, in accordance with their national, religious, ethnical backgrounds, etc.
I suppose there can be "cyber-observances" via computer, e-mail, downloads, etc. It would be better than nothing, but still a bummer to think about.
--Cindy
Phobos: "Are there any psychological tests useful for revealing a person's lack of hormonal control?"
*There probably are, but I don't know the formal names of such tests (most of my work has been medical and surgical, not psychiatric).
Phobos: "Self-control and brains aren't always synonymous qualities you find in people."
*For sure.
Phobos: "Three years is a loooooong time to go without! Even though I'd hope they have self-control, being in close, intimate quarters with someone for three years can lead to situations. I think it would be a good precaution to still pursue some kind of birth control just in case. The lack of privacy could be a good deterrent though."
*I agree. What continues to concern me the most is the impact of human sexuality on the group dynamics of the crew. There will be the potential for sexual rivalries, feelings of sexual betrayal/disloyalty, and then there is the matter of unwanted advances.
This just now came to mind: I read in "Discover" magazine about a year ago (damn, I cannot recall the volume number or month) that one of the female astronauts aboard either the International Space Station or MIR (I can't remember which) said that after months in space, a male astronaut tried to force her to kiss him. He brushed it off as "just having some fun," but she felt it a prelude to rape. The incident was reported and recorded; nothing came of it.
A friend of my husband's made a few advances to me, which made me feel sick. I continued to avoid and stay away from him until he and his wife recently moved a couple of hundred miles away (thank god). I can't imagine being cooped up in a small spaceship with him.
I guess maybe our mission planners had better check into those psychiatric tests regarding hormonal control.
--Cindy
Vasectomy/Tubal Ligation would be a good idea for an elective surgery, but I'm certain that many of your potential astronauts would take themselves off the mission instead of having the surgery. The first humans to travel to Mars will want to resume normal lives when they return; having chidren may be a part of that.
*Agreed. Even though vasectomies and tubal ligations have, in some cases, been successfully reversed, many more have not. Maybe an option for our future astronauts to Mars would be sperm and ovary retrieval and cryostorage prior to vasectomy/tubal ligation.
--Cindy
For the first mission to Mars, wouldn't it be better to order the astronauts involved to just keep their pants on, rather than loading them up with birth control? The mission has enough risk involved, and the astronauts would not need the added complication of monkeying around with each other. A relationship that has soured would damage the group dynamic, and with a crew of four or six it would be devastating.
As far as I know, the astronauts on board the ISS do not use birth control, so it should not be required for a Mars mission. Of course, NASA is in denial about its experiments about sex in space, so I could be wrong. But I still think that the first crew to land on Mars should be prudent about the matter for the sake of the mission. We can worry about procreation when we begin to colonize Mars.
*I couldn't agree with you more, especially as regards the effects of sexual liaisons on group dynamics -- especially in such a setting. Not a pretty picture. I'd like to think that the astronauts would be paragons of decorum, reserve, and self-control. Perhaps they will be; I hope so.
--Cindy
I'm not sure that the side effects can be that widespread - after all, it is used by millions of women across the world, having been approved by the FDA and other authorities.
*I'm a medical transcriptionist with 15 years' experience. Many women have problems with birth control pills. Yes, it's been approved by the FDA and other authorities...so are many drugs which are later taken off the market, such as Serzone (an antidepressant) recently. Serzone was available on a prescription basis for years. Now, because of liver damage studies, it will no longer be manufactured.
I am amazed birth control pills haven't been yanked off the market a long time ago. I suppose enough women don't have problems with them to keep them considered "safe enough"...however, after all the hospitals and large multispeciality clinics I've worked in, let's just say if I were an astronaut and the bigwigs told me I had to take birth control pills "or else," I'd tell them to take those pills and shove it.
--Cindy
And I believe that any female crewmembers should be using birthcontrol pills and a backup birthcontrol method.
That should be mandatory.
*I think male crewmembers should also be required to use a condom. ::Anyone:: who wishes to participate in sex during something as serious as a mission to Mars should be required to take a level of active responsibility in preventing pregnancy or STDs. In the event a mishap occurs and a woman gets pregnant, the blame can be shared -- as it should be, since "it takes two." If they both wanna play, both have to "pay."
As for birth control pills, they have an extremely high number of possible side effects -- many of them serious. I took them about 14 years ago; my gynecologist thought they would help with my dysmenorrhea. The side effect I had was the onset of a very intense and horrible depression. I stopped taking them, and the depression went away; obviously, the birth control pills caused it. If you can get access to a Physicians Desk Reference, do read that VERY LONG list of possible side effects. I certainly wouldn't require male astronauts subject themselves to a birth control treatment which has scores of potentially serious side effects, and it's not fair to demand that women be willing to subject themselves to it, either.
It goes without saying that the ::last:: thing needed on a mission to Mars are people dealing with side effects of a medical treatment, particularly when there are many other options for both men and women that don't include having your hormones scrambled on a daily basis.
A better birth control requirement for a female astronaut might be an IUD (intrauterine device).
--Cindy
Aetius: I think that's an overly simplistic argument. I'm personally an advocate of gun control, as we have here in the UK and Europe, but I do understand that it's a controversial and unclear issue. For example, in countries with gun control there is significantly less violent crime and gun-related crime, despite the spiel about 'only criminals will have guns'. But you can read statistics in different ways.
*Adrian: I heard on a news show a few years ago that London police don't carry guns, just night sticks. Is this true?
If so, then a level of gun control (whatever of it you have in the UK and Europe) must work...it's difficult for this USA citizen to imagine an American city comparable in size to London with police officers armed only with billy clubs and no guns. Would be nice, though.
--Cindy
Considering that most of the more intelligent and popular pets people have on Earth are carnivores that would be hard to feed on Mars, do you think furry robotic companions might make a substitute?
*Actually, I think a cat may be the most inexpensive ::and:: practical option in having a real pet; even for the *first* astronauts to Mars (provided they all like, or at least can tolerate, a cat...and provided none of them are allergic to cat hair).
1. Cats keep themselves clean.
2. Cats can be trained to use a toilet; no need to bother with kitty litter, which is a lot of extra weight.
3. Cats are small, independent, and excellent at entertaining themselves.
4. Cats are nocturnal; thus, while the astronauts are busy during the "day," Ms. Meow will be snoozing away in her favorite little nook or cranny (and thus will be out of the way and not underfoot) -- this is, of course, provided her "inner clock" doesn't get screwed up on a space flight.
5. She can drink the same water as the astronauts, of course.
6. The cat could eat scraps from the astronaut's meals, supplemented with bits of regular cat food (save on money and weight in the ship).
7. If the ship is rotating to mimic Marsian gravity, a little weighted "cat sweater" could be made for her prior to take-off; light, to keep her comfy, yet with enough weight to keep her muscles working at near-Earth gravity.
Of course, this may not be feasible. I think pets are important, and I know I'd miss having them. I love both dogs and cats equally, but cats are obviously the better option in this scenario...at least in the early days of Mars exploration, etc.
--Cindy
I certainly second your opinion..if there's any place other than Mars to look for life, Europa would be it. Probes could be landed on the ice surface and perhaps melt or drill their way down to the liquid ocean beneath.
Too bad about the radiation, though. Perhaps someone will invent a radiation shield for manned landings there someday...
B
*Hi Byron. Actually, I was surprised when I read Rob S's comments about Europa being smack-dab in the middle of Jupiter's (very dangerous) radiation belts. I understand that Clarke, in his story, wouldn't want to get overly scientific in the telling of a science fiction tale; however, his story included humans landing on Europa. I suppose he neglected to mention the lethal levels of radiation by taking "artistic liberty," but he's also a scientist. I'm not sure he should have taken that much liberty in his tale-telling. I'd had my hopes up for a manned mission to Europa in the future, most likely after I'm dead and gone. Now I read about these lethal levels of radiation...you get the drift. It behooves storytellers with backgrounds and degrees in science to be a bit more mindful of how they present a story, especially to an audience which is sure to contain a few persons genuinely interested in human space exploration.
--Cindy
*I can't see any reason to take guns to Mars. There is no life there, thus there is no game to shoot for food; there are no dangerous predatory animals to guard against; and there are no potentially threatening and hostile natives.
Of course, just about anything can be USED as a weapon, from a knife to a hammer. The difference here is that we'll need various tools on Mars, either for building, clearing, planting, digging, or eating. Guns -- for what purpose? Why would they be needed on Mars?
Tools, yes. Guns, no. Guns send a specific message which tools cannot. I've heard many pro-NRA people say, "Well, people kill with knives and bicycle chains." That's true, but why are guns *the* choice of criminals? Because they are faster and more effective. It takes a lot more energy and time to whip someone to death with a bicycle chain than it does simply to pull the trigger a few times.
Suppose settlement is possible on Mars (and eventually colonies). If Settlement A is known to have 50 gun owners, this might make the inhabitants of Settlements B and C a bit nervous; chances are, they'll also become suspicious and resentful...then they'll want as many guns. See where this leads? "Us versus Them"...subconsciously. See where that leads?
Once there are enough settlers or colonists on Mars that human friction becomes a major issue, it'd still be best to be weapons-free; this would, I think, naturally encourage people to have disputes settled either by councils or legally. At the very least, would certainly deprive some hot-head or unstable character the opportunity to just whip out a gun and start firing away his or her frustrations.
I say keep Mars free of guns and other *weapons* (as distinguished from tools).
--Cindy
I wonder though how you would handle a corpse in such a situation. It could be a problem if there's no airlock to eject it out of or some other storage capability built just for such a scenario.
*Perhaps a few specially-designed body-bags could be included on-board; "just in case." Back in the "old days," particularly when mass, open-burial was the custom (such as in 18th-century Vienna), a newly-deposited corpse into the pit was covered with a shovelful of either salt or lime. Perhaps with the body bags could be included a substance to be sprinkled over the corpse, which retards the decomposition process or at least neutralizes the odor. The body-bag could be sealed and taken care of either on Mars (if they're en-route to it), via burial or leaving the corpse there; and likewise if en-route to Earth. As to where to store the body until it can be taken off-ship, I don't know. Since elbow-room will be at a premium in the ship, it would seem a bit unnecessary to allow a corpse to take up an entire room (even if a small room); however, it also seems disrespectful to not allow the corpse to rest with some dignity.
--Cindy
Sorry Shaun, I momentarily let my mental guard down and those NASA moles took over my mind to see if they could convince you to give up your metal helmet. Next time I won't be so sloppy.
And maybe Josh is right, we're being to hard on Brad. After all, he's got all those NASA moles to put up with.
*Phobos, you and Shaun just gave me the best laugh I've had in weeks! You guys had me laughing so hard that I had tears going down my cheeks.
--Cindy
*I don't want to sound the The Harbringer of Doom, but after having read both posts in this thread, I'll voice some concerns of my own:
Will, or have, the planners of Mars Direct/NASA look to the Apollo 13 incident in mapping out survival strategies en-route to Mars...or on return from Mars to Earth? Yes, I know going to Mars versus going to the moom (Apollo 13) are two very different "ballgames."
Worst case scenario: En-route to Mars with 4 crew members on board, one dies of a massive heart attack and another suffers a cerebral aneurysm and is now in a comatose condition and does not come out of it.
Yes, any space exploration is fraught with danger. Yes, we need to take the chance in spite of the dangers, so long as we try and look ahead, and plan for any potential dangers or disasters.
But what will be the fate of that crew of 2 persons? Could they go ahead with the mission? If the mission cannot be aborted, can 2 people handle all tasks and responsibilities, or can some of the instruments be put on "automatic pilot"?
Can they use the gravity of Mars to sling-shot them back en-route to Earth, like the Apollo 13 astronauts did with controlled burns in order to avoid becoming captured by the moon's gravity (and thereby becoming a satellite of it) , and instead using the gravity in order to create a sling-shot effect to carry them away from Mars and back to Earth ASAP?
There certainly must be some plans in the works for worst-case scenario situations. I'd hope, anway.
Just wondering...
--Cindy
Rob S: "As for Europa, it will be very hard to explore it directly by humans because it is imbedded in Jupiter's van Allen belts, and thus is bathed in very lethal levels of radiation."
*I brought this over from the Human missions section, "Exploration of Venus."
I became interested in the exploration of Europa after reading that there may be life in its oceans (beneath its thick, outer crust of ice). Arthur C. Clarke treats the topic quite extensively in his sequels to "2001: A Space Odyssey."
I'd like to see probes land there and tests carried out.
--Cindy
*Generally speaking, I'm not much of a "joiner."
The first time I became aware of the Mars Society was in 5/2001. "Astronomy" magazine's feature that month was Mars, particularly as Mars reached perihelion in summer (N hemisphere) 2001. I was browsing through the magazine, and a tiny advertisement for "The Mars Society" caught my eye. I knew this couldn't be a sci-fi buff organization (I've yet to see either "Astronomy" or "Sky & Telescope" magazines allow ads for sci-fi buff orgs...unless I've been missing them), and checked out the web site included in the ad. I was impressed with what I read at the Mars Society web page; okay, these people are serious. They don't believe in little green men on Mars, they aren't buzzing about the latest UFO sighting, etc.
I don't part with my money easily, but I felt this was a worthwhile exception to that rule.
I've been very happy with my membership, and just renewed it this month. However, unless one has internet access, their satisfaction with membership would probably be limited. I've only received 3, maybe 4, items via snail-mail in the year I've been a member. Sure, I understand they want to keep costs down (paper, supplies, postage), but obviously members with no internet access (or very little of it) are pretty much in the lurch.
I also agree with Adrian that they could "sweeten up" the deal for members; give them a cap or pen or lapel pin, etc., with the MS logo on it.
I intend to remain a member of MS indefinitely, so long as it seems they're DOING and not just talking, certain standards are maintained, the web site is updated as frequently as it currently is, etc.
--Cindy
MS member since 6/01
Although it won't be an issue for a while, I am wondering what kind of title I should do for people with 500 posts...
*How about "August Member."
--Cindy
Just don't confuse religion as the following of a particular way of expressing a belief, with Faith - the inner certainty of something other / higher than yourself.
I think you bring up a good point. There are a lot of "spiritual" people who don't necessarily follow any particular religion...I like reading about Zen Buddhism and applying some of its tenets to my life even though I'm an atheist.
*I can see your point. I'm an agnostic (only because I can't PROVE there is or isn't a higher being/God/whatever). Religion is out of the question for me.
As for "spirituality"...I do admire Taoism. It's practical, simple yet very profound, straight-forward, and I feel it is right on-par with life. I prefer to call Taoism a philosophy.
There's no evasion to it; no delusion; faith isn't a factor in it; there is no heirarchy within it (I'm the priest, you're a peon); there are no dogmas in it; it doesn't promote or encourage unrealistic attitudes or "goals".
But to each their own.
--Cindy
What do you think will be better for powering Mars rovers: fuel cells or hydrogen peroxide ?
How could H2O2 be produced on Mars? How difficult would that be?Wait a second, could H2O2 be used as a monopropellant?! How?
*Boy oh boy
If a person has to have a working knowledge of chemistry in order to drive a rover on Mars, I guess they'd better rig up one for me which is powered via foot pedals.
--Cindy
If people can't claim land I doubt if there will be many economic reasons for going to Mars. I don't know what the difference is between a government official telling you not to go on that patch of land or an individual owner telling you the same thing. Of course if your an anarchist nothing what I just wrote applies.
No, I'm not an anarchist. I just think that any notions of claiming land should wait a long, long time.
The piece of paper sent me expresses a sentiment of dividing up the land -- already. And though this piece of paper has no intrinsic value whatsoever, I want to see Mars keep in the "free and clear" for as long a period of time as possible. There will be so much to explore and do, once humans get there. The last thing we need are nations fighting over who's astronauts stepped on who's property, that region is off-limits unless you get permission from us, etc. Sure, they cannot (I suppose) erect fences, and I don't know how they'd enforce "this zone is ours, that is yours"...but I just want that whole mess avoided for as long as possible.
--Cindy
MS member since 6/01
I remember reading about one architect, whose name completely escapes me, that advocated an architectural system called arcology...He had a lot of very tall buildings with unique designs and transportation systems. I have to find that book so I can elaborate further...How tall could you build a skyscraper on Mars before it ends up in outer space? Where does the Martian atmosphere end and space begin?
In _3001: The Final Odyssey_ [which, unfortunately, like most of Sir Clarke's sequels, isn't all that great], Clarke envisioned 4 colossally tall towers on Earth -- reaching many miles up into the sky [and even outside of our atmosphere, if I recall correctly].
I thought that was an odd, but interesting, concept.
As for how the inhabitants of these gargantuan "space needles" got from floor to floor, I don't recall, beyond the use of super-fast elevators.
--Cindy