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I believe hydrogen is the working fluid of choice for Sterling engines.
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If you give an atmosphere to the Moon, you lose the atmosphere because some of the molecules in the exosphere exceed escape velocity. You don't lose molecules below the exosphere because even if they get fast, the atmosphere is dense enough so that they don't travel very far before bouncing off another atom, which prevents them from getting on an escape trajectory.
One idea has been to build a physical roof for the entire moon. This is, of course, madness - or at least overkill. I was reading about laser cooling and how you can use tuned lasers to modify the velocity of atoms and I thought that maybe you could put a set of satellites in orbit around the moon (maybe as few as 12, but lets say 60), each one of which would produce a laser disk (tangent to the moon's surface) tuned at different times to different atoms and atomic velocities. Together, the disks would make up a laser roof.
Instead of heating the rarefied gases of the exosphere, the lasers could be tuned to cool the gases, or at least knock the atoms out of escape trajectories. Lunar escape velocity is approx 2300 m/sec. Room temperature gases average only 500 m/sec, but exceed escape velocity at the high end of the Maxwell distribution. You can never stop the loss, but you only need to attenuate the high end of the Maxwell distribution to significantly lower the loss rate, e.g., from 100s of years to 1000s or even tens of thousands. Even better, you can tune for the gases you care about most like nitrogen and oxygen.
You could also do the same on Mars, but you'll probably need more satellites - you don't want the energy levels to get too high, otherwise you'll heat the gas instead of cooling it.
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Been wondering about [suitability of aerogel full of 1.0 bar air for Mars], too.
Apparently aerogel is even more awesome when it is full of vacuum. Wait, that doesn't make sense, does it. Well, anyway, you know what I mean.
I'd love to get my hands on a small batch of cheap aerogel, to measure temps of electronics/batteries inside aerogel-insulated little robots in my deep-freezer
These guys will send you some to play with for $25 - proceeds to SpaceGen. I'm going to get some as Christmas presents
Entry into the competition where 5 winners(or at least one as you say) will be chosen to actually go to Mars on a later mission.
Oh, a sweepstakes. Why didn't you say so? Yeah, I totally think that can work. Annual winners (to reward early adopters) and then a final winner chosen from the annual winners. Just be transparent about setting up the foundation so that ticket buyers can be sure that you won't embezzle the funds. The Long Now Foundation people can help you with that.
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What are you offering your subscribers Marsman?
It's a secret.
No sale!
You seem to be fixated on the financial issue
Look, I'm not asking for a detailed business plan - just a couple of powerpoint slides. It is hard enough to execute on a good idea. If you are relying on street theatre and puppet shows your only hope is to profit from the learn-from-my-mistake book that you write afterwards.
Maybe you have some suggestions?
I read an article that some MMORPGs have virtual GDPs greater than 50% of the world's nations, as well as healthy, and decidely non-virtual, revenue. Start a Mars-themed one where players have to solve problems within the parameters of the harsh Martian environment. Say that any player who tops the leader board for long enough has a chance of actually going to Mars - the ultimate prize. Make it that couples have a better chance of topping the leader board so that the game becomes a kind of dating site.
Will you get 3 million players? "The Sims" has shipped over 7 million copies.
Thank you for your comments.
You're welcome.
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They say that your incarnations don't have to be in order. Maybe you were a Martian in a future life
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Look a bit deeper.
My understanding of your plan: each of 3 million people send you $9.95 per month every month for 15-20 years. In return you give them ... nothing as far as I can tell except for the private satisfaction of knowing they helped pay for a manned mission to Mars.
Let's say you work out that you are going to have to give your subscribers something to keep their interest over that time period. Perhaps a monthly newsletter? How does that compare with the circulation of major magazines ...
Fortune - 900,000
Wired - 500,000
Rolling Stone - 1,200,000
Vogue - 1,300,000
National Geographic - 7,000,000
People - 3,600,000
Smithsonian - 2,000,000
Cosmopolitan - 3,000,000
Martha/Oprah - 2,500,000 each
Newsweek - 3,200,000
http://www.mdsconnect.com/topcirculation.htm
Say the entire Wired crowd catches Mars fever - you're still down 2.5 million subscribers. You're maybe one article per year in National Geographic. Perhaps Martian Living Magazine?
Say no. Say you're not even going to give them a magazine. They'll do it for the good feeling. Who to compare with? Greenpeace - 3 million subscribers (paying members). NRA - 4 million subscribers. Rotary - 1.2 million subscribers. PETA - 850 thousand. Actually for a good comparison we need an organization that is working for a goal 20 years distant ... how about the American Cancer Society - 2 million subscribers.
Only 2 million people in the US regularly support research that has an odds-on chance of saving their life. I bet the average ACS contribution is less than $80/year. What are you offering your subscribers Marsman? I don't think you can lump this issue under TBD and expect to be taken seriously.
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Yeah, it's cool when you can really see that it is another world. Make sure you show a friend
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Not at all a silly question.
Here are the sky maps for early evening ...
This one you hold above your head ...
Remember that Mars will rise in the East and set in the West as the Earth turns throughout the night, so it might be easiest to look for the surrounding constellations, like Taurus. Don't expect too much without a telescope. Even binoculars will help. Good luck
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“First demonstration of photovoltaic diodes on lunar regolith-based substrate” published in Acta Astronautica recently.
Thanks! Full ref ...
Acta Astronautica, Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 537-545 (March 2005)
C. Horton, C. Gramajo, A. Alemu, L. Williams, A. Ignatiev and A. Freundlich
Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials
Schematic ...
As with the other paper earlier in the thread, you just melt the luna regolith to make a glass substrate. Melted, it looks like this ...
Summarizing ...
You don't use plasma deposition, you take advantage of the ambient vacuum and use thermal evaporation directly onto the glass substrate you just made.
Don't try to refine the dopants out of the regolith, just bring them from earth. You only need between 1-10 ppm (i.e., for every million kgs of Si, you need betwen 1 and 10 kgs of dopant). Don't pre-mix the dopants, just "co-evaporate" them.
Alternatively, bring pre-doped Si from Earth - just for the thin-film part of the cells (blue in the diagram). For a 5 µm film with 10% efficiency, 30-60 kg gets you 250 kW (i.e., 4-8 kW/kg). 2 µm film with 10% efficiency may be possible.
If we go that route, perhaps cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride (CdS/CdTe) is better. Lower evaporation temperature (900 K vs. 1700 K), delivers 10-15% without hyperfine adjustment.
One of the big weight savings is in elimination of support structures required to survive launch.
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Let’s swim to the moon
Let’s climb through the tide
You reach your hand to hold me
But I can’t be your guide
Easy, I to love you
As I watch you glide
Falling through wet forests
On our moonlight drive
Moonlight drive
Moonlight drive
Well the people around here rock, so this wiki is going to be wild.
Thanks Rxke. Wikis are good 8)
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NASA Announces Results From Beam and Tether Challenges
Best climber: University of Saskatchewan's solar cell powered climber reached 40 ft of a target 200 ft using the energy from a 10 kW xenon searchlight. Two teams went with Sterling Engines instead of solar cells because their theoretical efficiency is ~40% vs. ~20%.
Best tether: NASA's house tether broke at 1300 pounds of force, which is about 50% higher than Spectra 2000 nominal. Runner up was Centaurus Aerospace with 1260 lbs. Space elevator grade test tether target: 22500 lbs.
No prizes won this year. $200,000 prizes next year.
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My trouble is with the slow teraforming of mars method.
Mars has to go through a point that water can be liberated from the surface to be teraformed.
As soon as water and atmosphere are at the correct proportions it will snow not rain, this is a serious issue to Martian teraforming .
Simply coating 10% of mars in snow will negate any greenhouse gas release project, more gas release at this point will cause more of mars to be snowed on.
This is actually really interesting - one of the things about climate that we are still only guessing at. Water is such an interesting molecule. You're right. There are scenarios that can lead to a Snowball Mars. Wouldn't that be a terrible irony! To warm the surface 100 degrees and achieve a hydrological cycle that lets it rain and snow, only to lose the planet to a global ice age. But I don't think that nothing could be done. Imagine that is just how we had found Mars today. We would think ourselves lucky.
Snow increases albedo, and a Snowball Mars would be an extreme case, but the greenhouse gases we're planning on using (PFCs) are over 10000 times as effective as carbon dioxide at keeping whatever energy the surface does absorb (almost as good as water vapor). Even if we lost all our water vapor, as long as we keep pumping out PFCs, then at some point the surface temperature will rise and the ice will melt - if the incoming energy can't re-radiate back out into space, then there is really nowhere else for it to go.
A large impact on Mars might be the only way to Teraform it, with smaller impacts every 100 or so years for replenishment, or a man made planetary magnetic field to keep what it has from radiation stripping from the solar wind.
One thing with replenishment - once there is a good atmosphere then, say we had an ammonia comet in Mars orbit, rather than deorbiting the whole comet at once, we could break it up into smaller pieces that would burn up in our new atmosphere and rain down gently. It would take more energy and the continuous stream of comet rain would effect the weather patterns, but it avoids apocalyptic events and it might even provide a weather control system of sorts.
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There is another problem. It is not enough to make the solar cells but you also need to build the rest of the power system, which includes diodes and other circuitry to by pass solar cells that are damaged or temporarily shaded.
I'm imagining really simple wiring - basically a positive and a negative aluminum rail. Damage to a particular cell should just lower the current unless there is a major cut.
You might want some sort of power storage system - maybe a superconducting coil in some nearby lunar shade.
I’m not saying it won’t work it just some how sounds to me too good to be true. We should try it but for some reason I am slightly skeptical.
You're right to be skeptical. Factory floor automation - where you have an army of human attendants - is one thing. Total automation is another level. I think we can do it. The question is whether the cost/kg will justify it. If we can just roll-up 20 MWs worth of thin-film solar cells into a 2 ton payload and unroll it on the lunar surface, then the expense of high automation is probably not justified - for lunar purposes anyway. At the $2m/kg price point for Mars, a whole lot of automation is justified
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I wish people would stay on topic. You can always start a new thread if you want to discuss space law.
Sorry about the digression John, I'll focus on the scenario in which Biospheric Power Generation (a wholly owned subsidiary of Biospheres Extranational) is selling kWhs and we can discuss exactly how their customers will be classified into "scientific" and "non-scientific" in another thread
I was looking into CVD processes for thin-film solar cell manufacture, and the actual process for building the solar cells seems straight forward enough - you just lay a half dozen layers one on top of the other. CVD concerns include deposition rate (how thin can the layers be?), keeping the chamber walls clean (otherwise bits can drop on to your otherwise pristine solar cells), keeping the deposition nozzles unclogged, and withstanding medium and long term erosion by evil gases like fluorine.
However, these things seem to be doable. What concerns me a little more is automated manufacture of a substrate and deposition gases of sufficient purity from luna regolith - all on the same rovot. I assume we can choose an easy area, but there is still going to be some inconveniently large rocks about – so maybe some sort of dozer-sieve to begin with, and we won’t be able to always go in straight lines, and we’ll have to be able to cope with stop and go – hopefully we can avoid sharp shocks to the deposition chamber. Then there is the fact that we’ll only want a relatively small amount of the material we dig up, so there is going to be a mound of dirt to one side.
Then we start to get to the separation processes. Spraying fluorine gas at the regolith gets you SiF4 – which can probably be used as a deposition gas (leaves behind the silicon, recycle the fluorine) - but it probably gets you other stuff as well, some of which you are happy about because you want to use them as dopants, but the whole point is to keep the different dopants separate. The different gases might form separable layers at different temperatures and pressures – but you are going to have to be careful that you don’t waste too much fluorine each time ‘cause it’s about as common as carbon (i.e., you’re going to have to ship it from Earth).
Here is a paper by Landis on silicon production that talks more about fluorine ...
http://www.asi.org/adb/02/13/02/silicon-production.html
I’m wondering if you wouldn’t have at least two types of rovot: raw materials refiner and solar cell paver. The pavers could visit the refiners when they got low on something.
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So where will Biospheres international be based where is its home address, where do we send the bills
Like any large business entity, Biospheres will contract with accounting service providers at multiple Terran locations. New York, Moscow, Shanghai, Bangalore, Anguilla - please choose the service center that best suits your needs.
it also cannot sell from Boeing Russia what Boeing USA has developed that the USA considers high tech or militarily valuable without the appropiate United states licence.
Pretending, for the sake of argument, that US export controls are actually effective at preventing the transfer of some important technologies, you're right, Boeing Russia must contract with Definitely-Not-Boeing Research and Development Company next door to develop a substitute. Because it has already been done and DNB employs PhDs graduated from US universities, the substitute is usually fine, sometimes good and, every now and then, better. No matter what, it is definitely cheaper.
The internet is a case where the thing appeared and the legal system had to play catch up. The Moon and the space in general though is a case of physical property and there is already a very negative law enforcing what is allowed and not allowed in space.
The parallels are not exact, of course, but there are parallels. The treaties are full of deliberate loopholes. They prevent nothing during the research and development phase, and by the time profits were being generated their only effect will be to require addition of the phrase "we come in peace for all humankind" to the corporate mission statement. International law is nowhere near as settled as you seem to believe. Extranational law is ours for the shaping. It's a frontier. That's why it's fun, right?
Currently if you start mining PGMs and transport them to Earth you are more or less quaranteed to end up in court as smaller countries and activists try to force you to hand over there rightful "share" of what is the whole worlds property.
Cost of doing business. I'll hire the same attorneys and negotiators used by the oil companies.
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P. furiosus is a microbe that can survive in extreme temperatures. It grows and dwells in underwater sea volcanoes where temperatures reach that of boiling water. It also can survive in near freezing deep-sea water.
... how did this come to be ...
Natural selection couldn't do the job?
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you will have to register that company at a location if you wish it to have the ability to purchase anything.
Biospheres Extranational will do business with Terran associates who have been appropriately certified. We will, of course, require that our Terran associates comply with their ambient legal environment.
For the companies that matter to be able to sell you anything you must give that registery number to them and also be in a situation where they are allowed to sell to you.
"Companies that matter" will rapidly become "companies that used to matter" if they are unable to participate in the extraordinary opportunities being pursued by Biospheres Extranational and its competitors. Of course, "companies that matter" don't need to be told this. Did you know that Boeing Russia ( http://www.boeing.ru/ ) has over 10000 employees?
the likes of PGM mining and power sourcing make Billions of dollars profit a quarter. But they will not invest there lifeblood capital if they are unsure if they will be allowed to make a return on that investment.
Agreed.
The outer space treaty is the reason these companies will not so invest
I disagree. The commercialization of the internet was fiercely contested. In the end it stopped no one. However, it did enable bold first-movers to eat the lunch of the dinosaurs. The tipping point was the advent of enabling technologies.
activist pressure groups.
are invited to register for exclusion from the benefits of space commercialization. We'll do our best to comply with their wishes, although it may be difficult because the benefits will be so extensive.
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do you know who made this clip?
It is obvious that you made it. By the way you are pushing it, the clip probably has some sort of trojan virus embedded in it capable of infecting insufficiently patched operating systems.
Everyone here probably already knows this, but if you run Windows you should regularly visit http://update.microsoft.com/
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The gravity of a planet plays a large role in what atmosphere a planet can hold.
The gravity of a planet plays a role in how long it can hold an atmosphere, not atmospheric composition (except when you get really low, but I'll assume we're talking about at least luna gravity). Replenishment may be required at some point, but the timeframes we are talking about are very long - thousands to millions of years for Mars. If we can achieve terraforming in the first place, we can maintain it over the long term.
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[ISRU solar cell manufacture] is quite interesting. Will it work?
Here are some more possibilities. These companies are using printing-press technologies to make thin-film solar cells ...
http://www.konarka.com/technology/manufacturing.php
http://www.nanosolar.com/processtech.htm
However, it might not be possible to easily make the required "inks" from luna regolith.
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For greenhouse gasses, we could use halocarbons, sulfur, and perhaps methane, though how some of these are to be aquired, who knows.
Apparently, everything pales in comparison to perflurocarbons (halocarbons made of just carbon and fluorine), and the biggest challenge is finding concentrated fluoride deposites such as fluorite (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6), sellaite (MgF2) or lithium fluoride (LiF2 ). Villiaumite salt (NaF) may be available in large amounts if Mars really did have oceans at some point.
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I think this question should be re asked.
How far will mars allow itself to be teraformed?
This is actually a really interesting question. Just how close can we get?
Since mars only has 1/3 the gravity and about 1/2 the solar radiation that we receive here on earth, i believe the answer is 1/6 earth like conditions for a fully teraformed mars.
But I don't think it works like this. In particular you seem to think that temperature is directly proportional to gravity, which isn't the case.
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