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#6101 Re: Life on Mars » Ice Worms » 2013-12-19 18:37:09

I agree - we don't know enough about Mars yet to be able to say there are no benign environments. We know from Earth that whole ecosystems can exist in tiny spaces e.g. caves miles below the surface.


Void wrote:

I will resort to lichen as the example life form that could benefit,
and agree that ice worms would require even more favor than the lichen.

Lichens have been shown to be able to survive and even like Mars like conditions in cracks in rocks, getting water,
from the dawn and dusk dews, not even needing water in ice.

But some Lichens like to grow inside of rocks in Antarctica.



Is there a condensation process that can lay clear or translucent water ice over sandstone or other rock that
lichen could grown in?

Perhaps in some climatic locations on Mars???


If so then I suggest that it can bottle pressure inside wet bubbles in the ice (Until they rupture).

This could be a repetitive watering process where ice is deposited, the sun comes up and heats the rock through
the ice, and a short period of wet occurs on the rock surface where pressurization is maintained by the ice
deposited on the rock, and then very likely a rupture.  But such a period of wetness might be all that is needed.


I do not expect life in assocation with CO2 Ice eruptions, but it's model can suggest a similar one for water ice
on a less noticible scale.
Much like the dry bubbles created with clear CO2 ice as mentioned here:
CO2  (The only reason you can see the spider-Trees is that these ruptured).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_geyser

From the above reference (Strangely),  an interesting idea,  I suppose water column or container pressurization are possible.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/e … DS_MSO.jpg

But this is all speculation.
I think the point is that it is very likely that there are temporary improvements of certain locations on Mars to the degree that it could favor life
more than normal.  How that life could be established in those locations?  Spores in the wind?

#6102 Re: Life on Mars » Ice Worms » 2013-12-19 18:25:44

JoshNH4H wrote:

Void- The thing about Earth vs. Mars is low pressure.  If that ice has liquid water underneath it, it will be at high pressure and be likely to crack.  It would be tough for an ice layer thick enough to exert significant pressure to be transparent enough for its presence to result in a significant warming effect.

Beyond that, my general contention is that it's very tough for there to be an "in between" for life.  Conditions are either so inimical that it never developed, or it will be everywhere.  We see it on Earth.  Life fills every niche, every hollow, every hole, stream, rock, and log.  What we see is that evolution is an immensely powerful force that will drive any system subject to it to expand wildly in a geological eyeblink.  If it's there on Mars, it would have done the same; or it would have died.

You didn't seem to know that microbes could metabolise ferrous oxide:


"Metabolize Ferrous Oxide--- excuse me?"

I am not sure I trust your judgment on what might or might not be possible.

#6103 Re: Life on Mars » Ice Worms » 2013-12-18 16:49:49

JoshNH4H wrote:

Several reasons:

  • Mars likely did not have a warm-wet environment for long enough for complex life, such as an ice worm, to develop

  • Cells require liquid water to function.  On Mars, this means massive amounts of salt that would necessarily inhibit the enzymes and vital biological functions of a cell, not even to mention a more complex, megamulticellular organism

  • Metabolize Ferrous Oxide--- excuse me?

  • If life could survive in this kind of environment, one would naturally expect it to propagate planetwide in a very visible manner through evolution.  This is especially true if megamulticellular organisms can survive, because monocellular organisms are much hardier.  We have never discovered any evidence that this is the case, therefore it is unlikely that this is a locale that supports life

  • Mars' water deposits are probably both highly acidic and strong oxidizers, both of which present significant threats and impediments to the survival of life forms within

  • If there were multicellular organisms on Mars, there would be all sorts of other kinds of organisms.  The presence of organisms necessarily implies high levels (not the ppb range that may or may not have even been detected) of Methane.  Because methane is certainly lower than .01 ppm planetwide (in fact, Curiosity results have just come out putting a lower bound to atmospheric composition around 2 ppb, which is to say that they haven't detected any at all), there are presumably not lifeforms.

Impossible?  No.  Likely or even reasonable?  Not so much.  That's why this is perfect fodder for science fiction.

I wouldn't say it was likely but -


Mars life could have been seeded from Earth via meteorite impact. 

Cells require water, but that does not mean that a multicellular creature has to have the same salt content as surrounding water/ice.


From Wikipedia: 


"Ferrous iron (Fe2+
) oxidation[edit]For further information, see Acidophiles in acid mine drainage

Ferrous iron is a soluble form of iron that is stable at extremely low pHs or under anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic, moderate pH conditions ferrous iron is oxidized spontaneously to the ferric (Fe3+
) form and is hydrolyzed abiotically to insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)
3). There are three distinct types of ferrous iron-oxidizing microbes. The first are acidophiles, such as the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, as well as the archaeon Ferroplasma. These microbes oxidize iron in environments that have a very low pH and are important in acid mine drainage. The second type of microbes oxidize ferrous iron at cirum-neutral pH. These micro-organisms (for example Gallionella ferruginea, Leptothrix ochracea, or Mariprofundus ferrooxydans) live at the oxic-anoxic interfaces and are microaerophiles. The third type of iron-oxidizing microbes are anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria such as Rhodopseudomonas,[7] which use ferrous iron to produce NADH for autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation. Biochemically, aerobic iron oxidation is a very energetically poor process which therefore requires large amounts of iron to be oxidized by the enzyme rusticyanin to facilitate the formation of proton motive force. Like sulfur oxidation, reverse electron flow must be used to form the NADH used for carbon dioxide fixation via the Calvin cycle."

The pattern might be that there was planet-wide life of this type but that it has retreated to small colonies as conditions have deteriorated.  Is it not possible that Mars life forms might not
produce methane in the quantities you suggest.  It doesn't look to me like the above microbes produce methane.

#6104 Re: Life on Mars » Ice Worms » 2013-12-17 19:28:45

JoshNH4H wrote:

Well, it's not impossible but it seems unlikely-- more the realm of science fiction than science fact, so to speak.

That seems an absurd comment to me. We know organisms can exist in water and can metabolise ferrous oxide.

Why wouldn't creatures be able to exist in a benign ice environment?

#6105 Re: Not So Free Chat » Ask Robert Zubrin *Official Thread* » 2013-12-17 15:11:27

A. How thick would Mars brick structures need to be in order to be pressurised to Earth-like pressures and would they need to be sealed in some way, e.g. with ice or regolith on the outside?

B. How soon do you think Mars colonists could produce reflective materials to enhance PV power on Mars?

#6106 Re: Not So Free Chat » Ask Robert Zubrin » 2013-12-15 18:47:00

Sounds like a good idea. I'd like to ask him about Mars brick architecture.

#6107 Re: Human missions » Mars One » 2013-12-14 22:02:10

Well if Mars One can pull that off then their credibility will increase exponentially. smile Surely we have got to see some Musk-Mars One synergy at some point.



SpaceNut wrote:

I have been reading many of the news releases and have found that many of the thoughts are very simular to many that the various forums that I have visited have had posted on them including this one.

Mars One foundation inks deals with Lockheed, Surrey

A privately funded unmanned Mars mission will launch in 2018, officials with the non-profit Mars One foundation announced Tuesday. The mission will include an orbiting communications relay station, a lander equipped with a robotic arm, water generating gear, experimental thin-film solar panels and student experiments. The lander will be based on the design of the 2007 Phoenix Mars lander that Lockheed Martin developed for NASA. Lansdorp said the Lockheed Martin contract was valued at slightly more than $250,000 while the Surrey agreement came to about $60,000. He would not disclose internal projections for the mission's eventual cost other than to tell reporters he expected it to be less than NASA's next Mars lander, the $425 million Phoenix-derived Insight mission scheduled for launch in 2016.

http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1312/11 … lander.jpg

With any private group wanting to get a mission to go to mars it is quite a feat to get enough funds to make it happen and it will take those that are more than just rich to make one happen.

I wonder if any cube sats are planned by others to catch a piggyback ride on this nission. as it would lower the cost for all to get to mars....

#6108 Re: Life support systems » Why I've Turned Against Nuclear » 2013-12-12 15:57:10

The mass discrepancy is far less. For one thing, you need a back up reactor. This is human beings we are talking about - you can't assume 100% operational ability. Either that or you have to take back up solar panel mass.

Also, nuclear reactors are not so good if you want to pursue a sensible policy of pre-landings. You'll need solar for those I would suggest. So why not take a lot of that solar panel mass in bite-soze pieces.

Of course once there, you can probably build reflective technology at no or little mass cost. It might be possible to begin that on the first mission.


JoshNH4H wrote:

Although I have in the past been a strong proponent of Nuclear power for an early Mars mission and for subsequent missions, over time I have come to see more and more reason to use photovoltaic panels in early missions and then transition later to Concentrated Solar Power systems produced from local resources.

I do not, however, do this based on the technical merits.  It is still my firm belief that nuclear fission is a massively promising technology with the potential to revolutionize the way we live our lives, and could become so with a relatively small development effort.  I am still strongly of the opinion that a nuclear power source could be built with no moving parts and be a low-mass, safe, and reliable

I am also of the opinion that if we want to go to Mars now, nuclear is the wrong powersource to choose at any stage.

Let's say PV turns a 3-5 tonne reactor into a 10 tonne PV system for an increase of 7 tonnes to the surface of Mars.  Multiplying by four to get the (approximate, with significant safety factor) increase in the mass to LEO, you get 28 tonnes.  At a cost of $2,500/kg (See Falcon Heavy), that corresponds to an increase in mission cost of $70 million. 

The last time the US tried to develop a nuclear reactor (the SP-100, designed in the late '80s as a part of the Reagan Strategic Defense Initiative) it cost $420 million ($800 million 2013) over the course of ten years, and development to completion would cost more than that. 

Compare to the ongoing research and development of Space and Mars rated solar panels, which do exist (albeit in much smaller quantities) and would need to be scaled up from existing models.  Because solar panels are inherently modular this would not be that much of an issue.

If we want to leave soon, we need a simple, low-cost development program that produces usable hardware.  Because we will not be importing power for very long, because solar power of some kind or another is probably going to find a wider variety of uses (applications from big to small, in orbits out to Mars or perhaps farther), the investment in small nuclear reactors, taken only for its value to the space program, is not worth it.

#6109 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Cyclers » 2013-10-17 19:15:02

Void wrote:

Louis two recent posts, suggesting Research, Entertainment, Advertising, and National Interests as sources of money, and it all makes sense to me.

I also see that he mentions timing being favorable to this.

I would add that this plan also has the following favorable aspect:
-Some scientists and others have a phobia about contaminating Mars with Earth organisms.
-Louis said that he thought that in a few decades human presence is a likely possibility.

-But if robotic probes do not confirm the existance of life on Mars (But still do not rule it out), it will be likely that the temptation for doing science on the ground will be so much greater than the impulse to prevent the spread of Earth organisms, that the scientific community will tilt towards favoring people on Mars for research.

Yes, the issue of life on Mars is still v. important. If we find active life, then it becomes an ethical issue of whether we should go there and possibly disrupt that ecosystem ( I think we will will but the debate will slow things up). On the other hand if all the robot measurements suggest a dead world, then that is an impetus to get there since we know previously conditions on Mars were good for life - so whoever finds the first fossil of life on Mars is probably already in posession of something worth tens of millions of dollars.

#6110 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Cyclers » 2013-10-16 18:33:00

Void wrote:

Louis,

OK, I'll buy that.  It seems reasonable.


...another big source of revenue would be hosting TV and film companies and space agencies from Earth wishing to establishing national prestige. Wouldn't the Pakistan Space Agency want to have an astronaut on Mars before India. Wouldn't  Nigeria want to beat South Africa to Mars. Wouldn't Argentina want to beat Brazil to Mars?

Various religious groups will also feel a strong imperative to get there and make some sort of statement.

Big commercial companies like Coca Cola and Toyota will pay hundreds of millions of dollars in sponsorship for voyages of exploration to places like the Valles Mariensis.

Anyone going there will need life support - and that will be what will be the major source of revenue for the Mars colony: providing the habitat, the water, the oxygen, the power, the food and all the other resources for the more transient visitors.

#6111 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Cyclers » 2013-10-16 15:57:05

Lots of interesting thoughts.  However, I think Mars development may be a bit more prosaic and Earth-connected.  Mining and transport of bulk materials would be highly expensive and not likely to happen for several decades in my view. Habitats - yes. We will be established on Moon and Mars very soon I think - within the next couple of decades (mostly thanks to Elon Musk).

I think one of the major sources of income for the nascent Mars community will be research and university establishments. They have the money to invest. They are highly competitive. Yale, Harvard, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Bologna and other leading universities on Earth are all in competition with each other. There will be billions of dollars available for establishing research and post grad facilities on Mars, with the universities and research establishments paying the colony for life support services.



Void wrote:

Get the ice water ready, and have a sense of humor if you can.   smilesmile
“In my opinion”: Outer space, which means anything not Earth, offers the following things I will mention, and of course other things I do not mention or am not aware of.
1)    Bulk raw materials/Energy.
2)    Potential habitats for humans.
3)    Space time induced communication lags (Extremely significant).
In it’s infancy a Mars community will want from the “Developed World” (Earth), whatever it can get at a good price. 
Unless you choose to intentionally go the Greenland route, which is a bit of a warning.  A small group of highly specialized Vikings of a small subset of the whole Nordic population, finds a few locations in Greenland where they can do marginal farming, due to a temporary favorable shift in the planets climate.  They are specialized, under the thumb of a ear-mouth entity .
Although the sea offers very significant resources for food, and the Inuit have a significant other technology, these people are farmers, and as the Inuit have strange ways, the ear-mouth entity inhibits any inclination that the local population has to adopt a different survival method.  In other words they remain specialized, and do not generalize, and are non adaptive.
The climate deteriorates, travel to Europe becomes  non-profitable due to sea ice conditions.  They consume their stock of wood, which was poor in the first place.  It appears that they did make attempts at some point to travel to mainland North America at some point, perhaps for wood.
A few very bad years for farming, and they all starved to death (Apparently).
Had they adopted Inuit technology, and also maintained a sea faring technology, and also had a greater genetic and cultural diversity, they might have had better odds to leave more than a memory of their existence .  But they specialized, and that branch passed into history, with the possibility that a few of them might have gotten back to Iceland.
Mars would ship bulk raw materials to Earth most likely if it shipped any material goods.   

Actually, I think the real deal would be the Asteroids next door selling raw materials to Mars and Earth, and Mars and Earth selling manufactured goods to them.

Mars would likely for some time like to participate in created goods from other locations in the solar system, of a better quality, because with variances in population and local materials and energy conditions, some items could be better produced at certain locations.  Much as exists in our current world economy.

Mars offers a chance for a habitat.  It also offers space time induced communication lags, perhaps allowing for greater individuality.
Maintaining our balance between being a top predator or prey is very important to me.
In my opinion: With the birth of civilizations, it was possible to generate human sub-populations which specialize in directing the activities of masses of humans.  This is valuable for focus and efficiency, but also due to specialization, such a population eventually looses generalist insight, and sinks to the base motivations of a top predator.  The efficiency by direction is valuable as long as the general population is allowed greater right of individual action, but the top predator population loosing awareness capability eventually resorts to competition with other powerful entities for control of all things, the results being unfavorable to the continuation of adaptability.  That culture becomes more vulnerable to bad outcome from a new challenge to it.
The forms of human intelligence are manifested in individual realms supported by individual brains.
Verbalization and other forms of communication allow Hierarchy and Networks, and produce hive minds.  The only reason that we don’t do everything with crowds of people verbalizing is that it is slow, much slower than the pudding in my head can think.  But it has broader resources, as in library.  But a hive network is open to an infection from top predators, with limited awareness and base desires.
The good news is that with the time lags that space time provides, communities in space at a distance from each other can be insulated from such predation, because verbal and other hive communications will be slowed down even further, and the pudding in our individual heads can be used for better purposes then to satisfy silly agenda’s which result from the situation which I have described above.

Therefore I am pleased with your notion of an implied population on the Moon, and a settlement of Mars.  Some populations insulated from Earth Hive activities will result.  A network of populations with time lags in their communications with each other will help to balance the situation so that creativity (Child thoughts) may be birthed, (Creativity, Invention), and the whole structure will not be co-opted to provide satisfaction of base desires for a subset that specializes in communication and the manipulation of populations.

Your  Earth/Moon/Mars plan is an excellent one, but Cycling spaceships with time lags added to that could be even better.
I do not require you to agree that any of this is true, but rather simply wanted to express how I see things, my opinion.

#6112 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Fusion propulsion crowdfunding » 2013-10-10 17:06:35

Yep - my experience as well! Always 20-30 years away!! I have more optimism about cold fusion. smile


GW Johnson wrote:

The energy is theoretically there for fast travel with fusion.  The technology is not.  Fusion reactors have been "20 or 30 years away" for the last 60 years that I have personally experienced.  The closest right now is laser ignition fusion,  but with boron and protons,  not deuterium-tritium or tritium-tritium.  It'll take something different (like the boron maybe) to make controlled fusion work.  We've done magnetic bottles for 60 years now without success. 

I'm not saying it can't be done,  but the problem turned out to be a lot harder than anybody ever suspected going in.  The technology to do it is still missing because some of the actual science to support that technology is still missing.  That's why the major efforts ongoing are still science projects,  not engineering development or real prototype programs.  (There are some scientists who might call their projects an engineering prototype,  but that's because they weren't trained in development work and don't really understand what it is.) 

That being the case,  crowdfunding may be premature.  It's more appropriate for development-flavored projects than true basic science efforts.  There's quite a difference between the two. 

There is one fusion application that could work very soon,  and be could engineering-prototyped essentially "today":  nuclear explosion propulsion,  just done with modern thermonuclear devices instead of 1950's fission devices.  (They do have to be shaped charges with directional radiation "blast",  just like in 1959,  though,  and that's the development work that is needed.)  I don't think you would want to bring one of those vehicles inside the van Allen belts,  though.  The EMP side effect would be disastrous.  Best place to test / base it might be the moon. 

GW

#6113 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Falcon 9R Launch » 2013-10-02 13:08:49

GW - I agree about the Space X site...I think it's a bit of a trend for sites to determine what you look at, rather than letting you choose. It's a shame. I have so much respect for Musk, but he's obviosuly passed his site over to a bunch of media monkeys. smile

#6114 Re: Terraformation » Sending extremophiles to Mars » 2013-09-29 18:10:24

I think we need first to establish whether Mars is biologically dead before we start introducing new organisms there.  That could take a long time to establish - maybe 100 years, as we investigate every nook and cranny.

Best to keep extremophiles away I would say. We know already they can survive Mars-like conditions, don't we? So what does it prove?

#6115 Re: Water on Mars » mars-water-discovery-curiosity-rover » 2013-09-27 01:52:38

That will certainly make things easier, though probably still a good idea to site the base near an exposed glacier or similar for ease of access to water.

#6116 Re: Human missions » A New Wave of Settlers? » 2013-09-11 16:53:10

Yes, Musk has made a real difference. I have backed Space X from teh early days and am glad they have come through. 

Musk is dedicated to reaching Mars. He realises the historic significance of this venture.

What a wonderful day it will be when human beings walk on a new planet. It will change perceptions across the whole of the home planet.

#6117 Re: Human missions » A New Wave of Settlers? » 2013-09-11 16:49:49

Rxke wrote:

I read tons of scenario's how to get to Mars,

I dreamed for years to go myself, one way or another,

I got old all of a sudden and realised it won't happen in my lifetime. So I buried the dream and got on with my life.

... And two days ago I had a chat with someone from another continent, and then with another young man from yet another continent. They were adamant they will get there one day.


... And I realised there are now young people among us who want to go and -for the first time in history- have a reason to believe it will actually be possible. (Musk's plans)

They were both people like you and me, saving all but every penny to get a ticket, studying hard to have a relevant experience/diploma.

It blew my mind.

So I started reading the comment section of articles on Mars plans (not on places like space.com etc, that's too positively biased)

And sure, a lot of people laugh it away, say we have to solve problems on Earth first yadda yadda yadda.

But there seems to be quite a bit of buzz from people saying it inspires them, people thinking it's cool etc

It helps a lot that Musk is being portrayed as the super cool glamour superhero....

Of course, it's not a given Musk will succeed, but I'm sensing there is now a real change in how people think about going to Mars, it's not 100% crazy anymore, only, say 70%.


Or am I seeing things?

I mean, I never ever heard a hemi-demi-semi believable plan to go to Mars from any of the big Spaceorgs when I was young, Musk's plans are barely more tangible, but there is a sense he really really is going to do it or die trying (and since he's somewhat of a superhero, he won't die wink )

#6118 Re: Human missions » Landing on Mars » 2013-08-31 20:25:13

GW Johnson wrote:

This one has been inactive for a while now.  But,  I wanted to let everyone know I have looked at a reusable single-stage chemical Mars lander,  and found it to be feasible.  I posted this in a short form over at http://exrocketman.blogspot.com in a posted dated 8-31-13,  and titled "Reusable Chemical Mars Landing Boats Are Feasible". 

As for the ceramic heat shield material in my last post above in this thread,  I determined it really will work,  and presented that outcome in a favorably-received paper at the 16th convention in Boulder.  It was part of my reusable lander feasibility study,  with PICA-X ablatives as a backup. 

GW

Interesting!  I am not a rocket scientist but got a feel that an Armadillo style rocket could get people off Mars. I think it would be feasible to build the bulk of the parts for such rockets on Mars with 3D printing and scaled down furnaces.

#6119 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-30 13:36:18

GW Johnson wrote:

I'm just guessing that a glass made of basaltic material will be a hard,  opaque product somewhat similar to natural volcanic glass here on Earth.  There would be a variety of uses for such a product,  ranging from tools and dishes to building material. 

There is a definite need for a transparency material.  As far as I know,  that is silica glass.  There is silica sand on Mars,  just "not everywhere" in concentrations that would be useful.  The places where it is,  should be identified.  That's where you put your transparency factory. 

Ultimately,  surface transport by truck or train will be the most practical,  but until that infrastructure exists,  you will have to fly in order to transport people and product.  The air is too thin for airplanes,  but suborbital rocket flight would work.  So,  the same landing craft that put people on Mars could be used for this,  if (and only if) they were designed from the outset to be reused with a long service life.  You just displace some propellant weight with more payload weight for suborbital flight (that is,  provided your craft was designed with the extra volume to contain the extra payload).

You will not get that kind of service out of something with a 5% structural inert weight fraction. 

GW

Automated land trains would be the easiest approach in the first instance for moving materials (using transponder guidance systems). A light bulldozer could remove boulders and create a flat smooth path.  Robotised digging for materials should be easy where materials are at the surface.

#6120 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-28 17:54:01

True, but if this is a colonisation mission as opposed to a flags and footprints mission, then the sooner we learn how to manufacture and live on Mars, the better. Also, all new products, all "firsts" on Mars, will have intrinsic value on Earth.  What Museum wouldn't be prepared to pay a lot of money for the first authenticated vase from Mars or the first item of clothing or the first art work for that matter...

#6121 Re: Interplanetary transportation » Reusable Rockets to Orbit » 2013-08-23 18:02:58

Don't think I'd seen the videos featuring Musk at the National Press Club (scroll down, bottom right).

http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/03/31/r … -planetary

Some interesting background on his views on reusable rockets and how that all links up to Mars colonisation.

#6122 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-22 14:00:22

Of course, let's not forget basalt is an easy to use and form material that should be readily available on Mars. Could be very useful for making bowls, vessels, work surface, table tops etc.

#6123 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-22 13:58:58

GW Johnson wrote:

Spacenut's link to the older thread is indeed interesting.  Glass-as-a-substitute-for-cement in a "concrete".  Hmmmm.   Has anyone ever actually made such a material?

What about means to concentrate surface calcium sources into the 10+% range so that glass-as-we-know-it becomes feasible on Mars in those locations where SiO2 is available?  I'm looking for clear glass panels for habitats and greenhouses. 

GW

There was prog on Brit TV last night which showed walls made out of optical fibre and brick or similar - you could have varying levels of light coming through the wall...so it sounds possible!

#6124 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-21 16:21:59

RobertDyck wrote:

Sojourner soil samples (not rocks) contained 5.5% - 6.4% CaO. Opportunity is the energizer bunny, it kept going, and going, and going. But the first published soil samples (again not rocks) contained 5.15% - 6.94% CaO. This is from the APXS instrument on both rovers. Window glass consists of 9% CaO, bottle/jar glass 10.5%. So it does require finding a mineral with concentrated calcium. Calcite would be idea; results from orbiters claimed it was there, but rovers have had difficulty finding it. You could use anorthite (feldspar), augite, dolomite, or gypsum. Albite could be a source of sodium, and plagioclase feldspar is typically a mixture of the two. You could use feldspar that has a little microcline, which has K as well as Al and Si. But you would want to avoid anything with crandallite or chlorapatite, because they contain phosphate.

Thanks for the update. Sounds like a higher proportion than first thought.

I have long thought that if it could be done, then glass would be an excellent material for use on Mars within the habitats. Scaled down, automated glass making machines could be delivered to the surface for use by the first colonists.

#6125 Re: Human missions » Glass » 2013-08-20 15:56:15

Isn't calcium in rather short supply?

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