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#276 Re: Meta New Mars » GW Johnson Postings and @Exrocketman1 YouTube videos » 2025-08-06 14:36:41
AI Overview
Determining the precise gimbal mass for each engine in the Atlas family of rockets is challenging as manufacturers generally don't publicize such specific breakdowns.
Overall engine dry masses can be examined to understand the gimbal systems' contribution to these values:
Atlas V Engines
The RD-180 engine, used on the Atlas V first stage, has a dry mass of approximately 12,000 lbs (about 5,443 kg). It has two thrust chambers that can gimbal independently for pitch, yaw, and roll control, according to Space Exploration Stack Exchange.
The RL10 engine family, used on the Atlas V's Centaur upper stage, has dry masses ranging from 289 to 699 lbs (131 to 317 kg), depending on the specific version. The RL10 also utilizes gimbaling for thrust vector control, with the engines typically able to gimbal up to ±4 degrees.
RL10 Gimbaling System
Early versions of the RL10 engine, such as the RL10A-3-3A, employed a gimbaling system for flight control, allowing for pitch and yaw steering.
Later versions, like the RL10B-2, featured electro-mechanical gimbaling for improved performance and reliability.
In summary, although the specific gimbal masses are not readily available, the engines (RD-180 and RL10) used in the Atlas family are equipped with sophisticated gimbaling systems vital for controlling the rocket's trajectory
AI Overview
Detailed specifications regarding the exact mass of the engine mount structure for the Atlas family of rockets are not readily available in publicly accessible documents.
Some information about related masses is available:
The Atlas I first stage had a booster section with a dry mass of 3,646 kg.
The Atlas II first stage's booster section had a dry mass of 4,187 kg.
The Atlas V Common Core Booster has a dry mass of 20,743 kg (or 21,173 kg for the 55X configuration), which includes the engine and the surrounding structure.
These figures likely include more than just the engine mount itself, encompassing other components of the booster stage structure.
The purpose of the engine mount in the Atlas rockets is crucial for:
Securing the engine during launch and flight.
Aligning the thrust for stable flight.
Providing structural support by connecting the engine to the rocket's airframe and pylon.
Detailed engineering schematics and specific design documents may be needed to find the exact mass of the engine mount structure
AI Overview
Estimating the precise mass of the fuel plumbing specifically within the Atlas family of rocket engines is challenging because this information is not typically broken out as a separate metric in the available documentation.
The overall dry mass of the engines and components can offer insight into the scale involved:
Atlas I Stage 1 (MA-5 propulsion system): Dry mass is 7,882 kg, including a 3,646 kg booster section.
Atlas II Stage 1 (MA-5A): Dry mass is 10,282 kg, with a 4,187 kg booster section.
Centaur Upper Stage: Dry masses range from 1,700 kg to 2,053 kg depending on the variant (e.g., Centaur (Atlas Version), Atlas II Stage 2, Atlas IIA Stage 2).
RD-180 (Atlas III and Atlas V first stage): Dry mass is 5,480 kg.
Atlas V Common Core Booster (CCB): Dry mass is 20,743 kg (or 21,173 kg for the 55X configuration).
Important Considerations:
Engine Plumbing is Integrated: Fuel plumbing is an integral part of the engine and booster assembly, including the turbopumps, fuel lines, valves, and other related components.
Material and Design: Materials like aluminum-lithium skin/stringer and frame for the Atlas III first stage can impact overall weight.
Staged Combustion Cycle: Engines like the RD-180 employ complex plumbing for their high-pressure, staged combustion cycle, which requires an oxidizer-rich preburner and intricate pathways for fuel and oxidizer.
Multiple-Burn Capability: Upper stages like the Centaur with restartable engines have additional plumbing for multiple ignitions and propellant management.
Mass Optimization: Engine designers focus on minimizing the overall mass of the engine systems to maximize the rocket's payload capacity.
Although a definitive number for fuel plumbing mass is not readily available, the figures above provide a general idea of the overall dry mass of the Atlas family's engine components, which includes the plumbing systems.
#277 Re: Meta New Mars » GW Johnson Postings and @Exrocketman1 YouTube videos » 2025-08-06 14:30:53
AI Overview
The Delta rocket family utilizes gimbaled engines to steer the vehicle during launch. The mass of the gimbal mechanism varies depending on the specific engine and rocket configuration, but it generally contributes a small percentage to the overall vehicle mass, typically around 0.1% to 0.5%. The RS-68A engine on the Delta IV Heavy, for example, has a gimbal system that allows for thrust vectoring, enabling the rocket to steer during ascent. While the exact mass contribution of the gimbal mechanism to the RS-68A engine isn't explicitly stated, it's a relatively small fraction of the engine's overall mass.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Delta IV Heavy:
The Delta IV Heavy uses three RS-68A engines, each capable of producing 2.1 million pounds of thrust. The RS-68A is a gimbaled engine, allowing for thrust vectoring for steering.
Engine Mass:
The RS-68A is a large engine, and the gimbal mechanism is a relatively small part of its overall mass. The RL10B, used on the Delta IV upper stage, has a mass of 664 lbs and includes a large carbon-carbon nozzle extension.
Gimbal Contribution:
Studies and examples suggest that gimbals typically contribute between 0.1% and 0.5% to the total launch mass. For example, in the case of the Antares 100 rocket, gimbals on the NK-33 engines contributed about 0.16% of the liftoff mass.
Delta II:
The Delta II used the RS-27 engine, and later the upgraded RS-27A, which also employed a gimbaled system for steering. The RS-27A produced 1,054 kN (237,000 lbf) of thrust.
Other Factors:
The mass of the gimbal mechanism can also be influenced by factors such as the size and complexity of the actuators, hydraulic systems, and other associated components
AI Overview
Delta family of rockets: engine mount mass
Determining the exact mass of engine mounts within the Delta family of rockets can be difficult because the manufacturer often considers this information proprietary, and rarely discloses it as a separate component. However, related data can be analyzed to infer some insights into their mass:
1. Engine dry mass
Delta IV RS-68 Engine: The RS-68 engine used in the Delta IV Common Booster Core has a dry mass of 6,604 kg.
Delta RS-27A Engine: The RS-27A engine used in the 7000 and 8000 series Delta rockets has a dry mass of 1,091 kg.
Delta II RS-27A Engine: The RS-27A engine featured in the Delta II rocket has a dry mass of 1,146 kg.
Delta IV RL10B-2 Engine: The RL10B-2 engine utilized in the Delta IV's second stage has a dry mass of 301 kg.
2. Structural considerations
Engine mounts, along with other structural components like the motor cases, are designed to withstand the extreme forces and vibrations generated during launch and flight.
Material selection for these components is crucial and includes high-strength options such as steel, aluminum, and alloys like Inconel and Titanium.
3. Comparison with overall vehicle mass
The engine dry mass represents a relatively small fraction of the overall mass of a Delta rocket. For example, the Delta IV Heavy has a total launch mass of 733,400 kg.
Even when considering the mass of the engine mount alongside the engine's dry mass, it would still be a minor portion of the rocket's overall weight.
4. Other types of engine mounts
Smaller-scale model rockets utilize simpler engine mount designs. These use materials like cardboard, phenolic resin, or fiberglass, with associated mass implications.
Important Note: The engine mounts are integral to the rocket's structure, designed to safely contain forces and maintain trajectory during flight. While the precise mass might not be publicly available, the information above helps to understand the scope and scale of this critical component
AI Overview
Detailed public information on the specific mass of the fuel plumbing within the Delta IV rocket family is limited in the provided search results. However, the available information provides insights into the fuel systems and related components, allowing for some inferences.
The Delta IV family of rockets utilized liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LH2/LOX) as propellants for both its first stage (Common Booster Core - CBC) and second stage (Delta Cryogenic Second Stage - DCSS). The fuel plumbing would be a critical part of delivering these propellants from the tanks to the engines.
The search results offer information about the Delta IV's fuel systems and their components:
CBC Construction: The CBC includes isogrid aluminum barrels, spun-formed aluminum domes, machined aluminum tank skirts, and a composite centerbody. A cable tunnel carries electrical and signal lines, along with a feedline for liquid oxygen to the RS-68 engine. This indicates fuel plumbing within the structure.
DCSS Construction: The DCSS also uses isogrid aluminum ring forgings, spun-formed aluminum domes, machined aluminum tank skirts, and a composite intertank truss.
Engine Connections: The RS-68 engine on the CBC connects to the thrust structure via a quadrapod thrust frame and is enclosed in a composite conical thermal shield.
RL10B-2 Engine: The RL10B-2 engine, used in the DCSS, weighs 664 lbs. This weight likely includes internal plumbing but doesn't specify the plumbing mass.
Simplified Design: The RS-68 engine was designed for simplified construction, with a lower chamber pressure, efficiency, and a simpler nozzle than the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). It has fewer parts than the SSME and a simpler nozzle. This might suggest a less complex (and potentially lighter) plumbing system for the engine, but it does not specify the mass of the entire fuel delivery system.
Although the exact mass of the fuel plumbing is unavailable, it is a key component constructed with materials like aluminum alloys and composites. The focus on reduced weight in components like the isogrid tanks suggests an effort to optimize the rocket's overall mass.
Additional points:
The Delta IV Heavy, with three Common Booster Cores, has a larger fuel plumbing system than other Delta IV variants.
In conclusion, although the exact mass of the fuel plumbing is not disclosed, it is an integral part of the Delta IV rocket family's structure and performance, designed with weight and reliability in mind.
As you can see most are not forth coming with all dtails but if you know enough of the dry mass of select parts you can ball park the others.
#278 Re: Human missions » Whither the ISS? » 2025-08-05 16:37:59
The plan is flawed as its basing life of modules not with reality. Not to mention US modules are more robust and have been looked into for partners from the commercial industy.
AI Overview
NASA selects Axiom Space to build commercial space station ...
Yes, there is increasing commercial use of the International Space Station (ISS), including the attachment of commercial modules built by companies like Axiom Space. NASA is actively encouraging this, aiming to foster a low-Earth orbit economy and eventually transition to commercial space stations.
Here's a more detailed look:
Axiom Space's Module:
Axiom Space is developing a commercial module that will be attached to the ISS, with the goal of eventually becoming an independent commercial space station.
NASA's Support:
NASA is actively supporting the development of commercial space stations, including providing access to the ISS for these ventures.
Commercial Activities:
NASA is allowing commercial activities, including manufacturing, production, and marketing, in the USG (United States Government) modules of the ISS.
Commercial LEO Destinations (CLD) Program:
NASA has a program, CLD, to support the development of commercial space stations, with Axiom Space being a key player.
Future of LEO:
The goal is to transition from the ISS to a more commercially driven space environment in low-Earth orbit (LEO), with the ISS eventually being retired
#279 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-08-05 16:34:12
Wages do not go down ith robotics and actually climb due to requirement as they are not dumb button pushers. You need techinical skills, programing and industrial engineers for what was just hands.
#280 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Google Meet Collaboration - Meetings Plus Followup Discussion » 2025-08-05 16:26:53
As you can see most are not forth coming with all dtails but if you know enough of the dry mass of select parts you can ball park the others.
#281 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Google Meet Collaboration - Meetings Plus Followup Discussion » 2025-08-05 16:25:28
AI Overview
Detailed public information on the specific mass of the fuel plumbing within the Delta IV rocket family is limited in the provided search results. However, the available information provides insights into the fuel systems and related components, allowing for some inferences.
The Delta IV family of rockets utilized liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LH2/LOX) as propellants for both its first stage (Common Booster Core - CBC) and second stage (Delta Cryogenic Second Stage - DCSS). The fuel plumbing would be a critical part of delivering these propellants from the tanks to the engines.
The search results offer information about the Delta IV's fuel systems and their components:
CBC Construction: The CBC includes isogrid aluminum barrels, spun-formed aluminum domes, machined aluminum tank skirts, and a composite centerbody. A cable tunnel carries electrical and signal lines, along with a feedline for liquid oxygen to the RS-68 engine. This indicates fuel plumbing within the structure.
DCSS Construction: The DCSS also uses isogrid aluminum ring forgings, spun-formed aluminum domes, machined aluminum tank skirts, and a composite intertank truss.
Engine Connections: The RS-68 engine on the CBC connects to the thrust structure via a quadrapod thrust frame and is enclosed in a composite conical thermal shield.
RL10B-2 Engine: The RL10B-2 engine, used in the DCSS, weighs 664 lbs. This weight likely includes internal plumbing but doesn't specify the plumbing mass.
Simplified Design: The RS-68 engine was designed for simplified construction, with a lower chamber pressure, efficiency, and a simpler nozzle than the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). It has fewer parts than the SSME and a simpler nozzle. This might suggest a less complex (and potentially lighter) plumbing system for the engine, but it does not specify the mass of the entire fuel delivery system.
Although the exact mass of the fuel plumbing is unavailable, it is a key component constructed with materials like aluminum alloys and composites. The focus on reduced weight in components like the isogrid tanks suggests an effort to optimize the rocket's overall mass.
Additional points:
The Delta IV Heavy, with three Common Booster Cores, has a larger fuel plumbing system than other Delta IV variants.
In conclusion, although the exact mass of the fuel plumbing is not disclosed, it is an integral part of the Delta IV rocket family's structure and performance, designed with weight and reliability in mind.
#282 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Google Meet Collaboration - Meetings Plus Followup Discussion » 2025-08-05 16:24:14
AI Overview
Delta family of rockets: engine mount mass
Determining the exact mass of engine mounts within the Delta family of rockets can be difficult because the manufacturer often considers this information proprietary, and rarely discloses it as a separate component. However, related data can be analyzed to infer some insights into their mass:
1. Engine dry mass
Delta IV RS-68 Engine: The RS-68 engine used in the Delta IV Common Booster Core has a dry mass of 6,604 kg.
Delta RS-27A Engine: The RS-27A engine used in the 7000 and 8000 series Delta rockets has a dry mass of 1,091 kg.
Delta II RS-27A Engine: The RS-27A engine featured in the Delta II rocket has a dry mass of 1,146 kg.
Delta IV RL10B-2 Engine: The RL10B-2 engine utilized in the Delta IV's second stage has a dry mass of 301 kg.
2. Structural considerations
Engine mounts, along with other structural components like the motor cases, are designed to withstand the extreme forces and vibrations generated during launch and flight.
Material selection for these components is crucial and includes high-strength options such as steel, aluminum, and alloys like Inconel and Titanium.
3. Comparison with overall vehicle mass
The engine dry mass represents a relatively small fraction of the overall mass of a Delta rocket. For example, the Delta IV Heavy has a total launch mass of 733,400 kg.
Even when considering the mass of the engine mount alongside the engine's dry mass, it would still be a minor portion of the rocket's overall weight.
4. Other types of engine mounts
Smaller-scale model rockets utilize simpler engine mount designs. These use materials like cardboard, phenolic resin, or fiberglass, with associated mass implications.
Important Note: The engine mounts are integral to the rocket's structure, designed to safely contain forces and maintain trajectory during flight. While the precise mass might not be publicly available, the information above helps to understand the scope and scale of this critical component
#283 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Google Meet Collaboration - Meetings Plus Followup Discussion » 2025-08-05 16:20:38
AI Overview
The Delta rocket family utilizes gimbaled engines to steer the vehicle during launch. The mass of the gimbal mechanism varies depending on the specific engine and rocket configuration, but it generally contributes a small percentage to the overall vehicle mass, typically around 0.1% to 0.5%. The RS-68A engine on the Delta IV Heavy, for example, has a gimbal system that allows for thrust vectoring, enabling the rocket to steer during ascent. While the exact mass contribution of the gimbal mechanism to the RS-68A engine isn't explicitly stated, it's a relatively small fraction of the engine's overall mass.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
Delta IV Heavy:
The Delta IV Heavy uses three RS-68A engines, each capable of producing 2.1 million pounds of thrust. The RS-68A is a gimbaled engine, allowing for thrust vectoring for steering.
Engine Mass:
The RS-68A is a large engine, and the gimbal mechanism is a relatively small part of its overall mass. The RL10B, used on the Delta IV upper stage, has a mass of 664 lbs and includes a large carbon-carbon nozzle extension.
Gimbal Contribution:
Studies and examples suggest that gimbals typically contribute between 0.1% and 0.5% to the total launch mass. For example, in the case of the Antares 100 rocket, gimbals on the NK-33 engines contributed about 0.16% of the liftoff mass.
Delta II:
The Delta II used the RS-27 engine, and later the upgraded RS-27A, which also employed a gimbaled system for steering. The RS-27A produced 1,054 kN (237,000 lbf) of thrust.
Other Factors:
The mass of the gimbal mechanism can also be influenced by factors such as the size and complexity of the actuators, hydraulic systems, and other associated components
#285 Re: Not So Free Chat » Oil, Peak Oil, etc. » 2025-08-03 18:03:02
Also how hot they get also drops the power output of the panels, other such things as dust settling on them as well.
#286 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-08-03 17:58:20
Labor rates for each state means that we have already lost control. That buying power in each have become unequal more so over the range of earnings.
AI Overview
Minimum Wage Rate by State in the U.S. [2025]
In Massachusetts, the standard minimum wage is $15.00 per hour. For tipped employees, the minimum wage is $6.75 per hour, but if their total earnings (including tips) do not reach $15.00 per hour, the employer must make up the difference, according to Mass.gov.
Key points about Massachusetts minimum wage:
Standard Minimum Wage: $15.00 per hour.
Tipped Employees: $6.75 per hour (with tips bringing the total to at least $15.00).
Overtime: Requires payment of 1.5 times the regular wage for hours exceeding 40 per workweek.
Meal Breaks: Employees working at least six consecutive hours must receive a 30-minute uninterrupted meal break.
Wage Deductions: Employers can only make deductions required by law or authorized in writing
Breakdown of minimum wage by state
State Current Minimum Wage Wage Increase Timeline
Alabama none
Alaska $10.34
American Samoa varies
Arizona $12.15
Arkansas $11.00
California $13.00 Increase by $1 per year for two years until $15
Colorado $12.32
Connecticut $12.00 Increase by $1 per year for three years until $15
Delaware $9.25
D.C. $15.00
Florida $8.65
Georgia $7.25
Guam $8.75
Hawaii $10.10
Idaho $7.25
Illinois $11.00 Increase by $1 per year until for five years $15
Indiana $7.25
Iowa $7.25
Kansas $7.25
Kentucky $7.25
Louisiana none
Maine $12.15
Maryland $11.75 $15 effective January 2025
Massachusetts $13.50 $15 effective January 2023
Michigan $9.65 Increase by $0.23 per year until it reaches $12.05 in 2030
Minnesota $10.00/$8.15
Mississippi none
Missouri $10.30 $12 effective January 2023
Montana $8.75
Nebraska $9
Nevada $9.00/$8.00 $12.00/$11.00 effective July 2024
New Hampshire $7.25
New Jersey $12.00 $15 effective January 2024
New Mexico $10.50 $12.00 effective January 2023
New York $12.50 Rate adjusted annually for inflation until $15.00
North Carolina $7.25
North Dakota $7.25
Northern Mariana Islands $7.25
Ohio $8.80/$7.25
Oklahoma $7.25/$2
Oregon $12.00 $13.50 effective July 2022
Pennsylvania $7.25
Puerto Rico $7.25/$5.08
Rhode Island $11.50
South Carolina none
South Dakota $9.45
Tennessee none
Texas $7.25
Utah $7.25
Vermont $11.75
Virgin Islands $10.50
Virginia $7.25
Washington $13.69
West Virginia $8.75
Wisconsin $7.25
Wyoming $7.25
#287 Re: Meta New Mars » Housekeeping » 2025-08-03 17:40:45
Ok as I had forgotten since its been so long.
The Dr in the ER both women did quite a work up to set the stage of treatment for a stroke with ctscan, followed hours later with the MRI to rule it out. The 2 Men Dr's both waited to see results of MRI saying that I did not have a stroke. How wrong they were as the face slid aka Bells palsy which is a form of stroke but the real issue is the hearing on that side was a total lose. Which is a Ear stroke to which medications given where spot on for strokes of both types. I still have some balance issues and no gains on hearing in the left ear still which could gradually come back overnthe next year maybe.
#288 Re: Meta New Mars » offtherock postings » 2025-08-03 13:29:08
Hopefully offthe rock will stop by soon to make a post, also welcome to NewMars....
#289 Re: Meta New Mars » Housekeeping » 2025-08-03 13:27:45
The contractor has finally made contact and indicated that next week end he will be here to frame the back and front overhang parts of the roof. Build the back deck and then its onto the metal going onto the roof.
#290 Re: Home improvements » Misc. Home Projects » 2025-08-03 13:22:40
Building projects to scale is without a doubt tough to do even with every step planned out.
#291 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-08-03 13:19:38
Tarrifs are hitting those that are not in the top 90% with every purchase and with thaqt we are as a people not spending on what is extra or needed to maintain life. Such things as vacation travel have already been given up not only for Americans but as well to abstain from travel due to the escalations of tarrifs. Further hurting the businesses that already have a hardtime due to being seasonal.
#292 Re: Meta New Mars » Housekeeping » 2025-08-03 08:58:44
I wanted to udate the newest user name and logged out only to find that I needed to clear the cache as the cookie for login dialog block to reset so that I could login.
#293 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-08-03 08:17:49
Robotics in the 80's was tried but people thought that they would lose there jobs so they under cut the developement and use, not realising that they would be getting trained for new jobs as business still needed people.
Jobs are not coming back so long as there are other countries that will still supply cheaper labor.
#294 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-07-31 14:38:47
second time the charm.
Had a pretty good post going and the browser close.
Part of the issue is employer past history as to why people are not storming the gate for the jobs.
ex. season shutdowns or layoffs with no callback once reasons for these are fixed or no longer called for, small to medium layoffs that occur often enough to question how solid is the paycheck likely to get deposited and was it to target the older generation that earns more, switching out employees that were full time for part time no benifits from multiple people to fill the hours.
Sending the business overseas for no reason other than to make greater profits, the age out of the work force due to available local work force pool.
#295 Re: Meta New Mars » Housekeeping » 2025-07-29 15:10:15
I experienced the same issue on my government computer near noon time, were the network was causing the hanging issue.
#296 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-07-29 15:03:33
We have had inflation at the rate you have discribed and its not reversing the cost that we pay.
AI Overview
The inflation rate in the United States from 1930 to the present day (July 2025) has seen significant fluctuations, with an average annual inflation rate of approximately 3.16%. This has resulted in a substantial increase in the cost of goods and services over the past 95 years. For example, an item that cost $1 in 1930 would cost about $19.25 today, according to a calculator from In2013dollars.com.
Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1930-1939
Here's a more detailed look:
1930s:
The early 1930s saw deflation (negative inflation), with the inflation rate dropping to as low as -10.3% in 1932. This was followed by a period of low inflation in the later years of the decade.
1940s - 1960s:
The inflation rate generally increased during and after World War II, with fluctuations throughout the 1950s and 1960s.
1970s - 1980s:
The 1970s were marked by high inflation, peaking in the late 70s and early 80s, before declining in the latter half of the 1980s.
1990s - Present:
The inflation rate has generally been lower since the 1990s, with some fluctuations, but overall remaining within a relatively moderate range. According to Investopedia, the annual inflation rate has varied, but generally remained below 5% since the early 1990s. Cumulative Impact:
The cumulative effect of inflation over the entire period from 1930 to the present is a significant increase in the overall price level. This means that goods and services that were affordable in 1930 require significantly more money to purchase toda
Historical U.S. Inflation Rate by Year: 1929 to 2025
Year Inflation Rate YOY, From Previous Dec. Federal Funds Rate Business Cycle* Events Affecting Inflation
1929 0.60% NA August peak Market crash
1930 -6.40% NA Contraction (-8.5%) Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
1931 -9.30% NA Contraction (-6.4%) Dust Bowl began
1932 -10.30% NA Contraction (-12.9%) Hoover tax hikes
1933 0.80% NA Contraction ended in March (-1.2%) FDR’s New Deal
1934 1.50% NA Expansion (10.8%) U.S. debt rose
1935 3.00% NA Expansion (8.9%) Social Security
1936 1.40% NA Expansion (12.9%) FDR tax hikes
1937 2.90% NA Expansion peaked in May (5.1%) Depression resumed
1938 -2.80% NA Contraction ended in June (-3.3%) Depression ended
1939 0.00% NA Expansion (8.0%) Dust Bowl ended
1940 0.70% NA Expansion (8.8%) Defense increased
1941 9.90% NA Expansion (17.7%) Pearl Harbor
1942 9.00% NA Expansion (18.9%) Defense spending
1943 3.00% NA Expansion (17.0%) Defense spending
1944 2.30% NA Expansion (7.9%) Bretton Woods Agreement
1945 2.20% NA February peak, October trough (-1.0%) WWII ends
1946 18.10% NA Contraction (-11.6%) Budget cuts
1947 8.80% NA Contraction (-1.1%) Cold War spending
1948 3.00% NA November peak (4.1%)
1949 -2.10% NA October trough (-0.6%) Fair Deal; NATO
1950 5.90% NA Expansion (8.7%) Korean War
1951 6.00% NA Expansion (8.0%)
1952 0.80% NA Expansion (4.1%)
1953 0.70% NA July peak (4.7%) Korean War ended
1954 -0.70% 1.25% May trough (-0.6%) Dow returned to 1929 high
1955 0.40% 2.50% Expansion (7.1%)
1956 3.00% 3.00% Expansion (2.1%)
1957 2.90% 3.00% August peak (2.1%) Recession began
1958 1.80% 2.50% April trough (-0.7%) Recession ended
1959 1.70% 4.00% Expansion (6.9%) Fed raised rates
1960 1.40% 2.00% April peak (2.6%) Recession began
1961 0.70% 2.25% February trough (2.6%) JFK’s deficit spending ended recession
1962 1.30% 3.00% Expansion (6.1%)
1963 1.60% 3.50% Expansion (4.4%)
1964 1.00% 3.75% Expansion (5.8%) LBJ Medicare, Medicaid
1965 1.90% 4.25% Expansion (6.5%)
1966 3.50% 5.50% Expansion (6.6%) Vietnam War
1967 3.00% 4.50% Expansion (2.7%)
1968 4.70% 6.00% Expansion (4.9%)
1969 6.20% 9.00% December peak (3.1%) Nixon took office; moon landing
1970 5.60% 5.00% November trough (0.2%) Recession
1971 3.30% 5.00% Expansion (3.3%) Wage-price controls
1972 3.40% 5.75% Expansion (5.3%) Stagflation
1973 8.70% 9.00% November peak (5.6%) End of the gold standard
1974 12.30% 8.00% Contraction (-0.5%) Watergate scandal
1975 6.90% 4.75% March trough (-0.2%) Stopgap monetary policy confused businesses and kept prices high
1976 4.90% 4.75% Expansion (5.4%)
1977 6.70% 6.50% Expansion (4.6%)
1978 9.00% 10.00% Expansion (5.5%)
1979 13.30% 12.00% Expansion (3.2%)
1980 12.50% 18.00% January peak (-0.3%) Recession began
1981 8.90% 12.00% July trough (2.5%) Reagan tax cut
1982 3.80% 8.50% Contraction (-1.8%) Recession ended
1983 3.80% 9.25% Expansion (4.6%) Military spending
1984 3.90% 8.25% Expansion (7.2%)
1985 3.80% 7.75% Expansion (4.2%)
1986 1.10% 6.00% Expansion (3.5%) Tax cut
1987 4.40% 6.75% Expansion (3.5%) Black Monday crash
1988 4.40% 9.75% Expansion (4.2%) Fed raised rates
1989 4.60% 8.25% Expansion (3.7%) S&L crisis
1990 6.10% 7.00% July peak (1.9%) Recession
1991 3.10% 4.00% March trough (-0.1%) Fed lowered rates
1992 2.90% 3.00% Expansion (3.5%) NAFTA drafted
1993 2.70% 3.00% Expansion (2.7%) Balanced Budget Act
1994 2.70% 5.50% Expansion (4.0%)
1995 2.50% 5.50% Expansion (2.7%)
1996 3.30% 5.25% Expansion (3.8%) Welfare reform
1997 1.70% 5.50% Expansion (4.4%) Fed raised rates
1998 1.60% 4.75% Expansion (4.5%) Long-term capital management crisis
1999 2.70% 5.50% Expansion (4.8%) Glass-Steagall Act repealed
2000 3.40% 6.50% Expansion (4.1%) Tech bubble burst
2001 1.60% 1.75% March peak, November trough (1.0%) Bush tax cut; 9/11 attacks
2002 2.40% 1.25% Expansion (1.7%) War on Terror
2003 1.90% 1.00% Expansion (2.8%) Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act
2004 3.30% 2.25% Expansion (3.8%)
2005 3.40% 4.25% Expansion (3.5%) Hurricane Katrina; Bankruptcy Act
2006 2.50% 5.25% Expansion (2.8%)
2007 4.10% 4.25% December peak (2.0%) Bank crisis
2008 0.10% 0.25% Expansion (0.1%) Financial crisis
2009 2.70% 0.25% June trough (-2.6%) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2010 1.50% 0.25% Expansion (2.7%) Affordable Care Act; Dodd-Frank Act
2011 3.00% 0.25% Expansion (1.6%) Debt ceiling crisis
2012 1.70% 0.25% Expansion (2.3%)
2013 1.50% 0.25% Expansion (2.1%) Government shutdown, sequestration
2014 0.80% 0.25% Expansion (2.5%) Quantitative easing ends
2015 0.70% 0.50% Expansion (2.9%) Deflation in oil and gas prices
2016 2.10% 0.75% Expansion (1.8%)
2017 2.10% 1.50% Expansion (2.5%)
2018 1.90% 2.50% Expansion (3.0%)
2019 2.30% 1.75% Expansion (2.5%)
2020 1.40% 0.25% Contraction (-2.2%) COVID-19 pandemic
2021 7.00% 0.25% Expansion (5.8%) COVID-19 pandemic
2022 6.50% 4.50% Expansion (1.9%) Russia invades Ukraine
2023 3.40% 5.50% Expansion (2.5%) Fed raised rates
2024 2.9% 4.48% Expansion (2.8%)
In my half life time I have seen the textile, shoe, general manufacturing, commercial electronics all gone overseas to bypass regulations, taxation and labor costs all in the name of profits and not the cost to the consumers that buy them.
#297 Re: Science, Technology, and Astronomy » Google Meet Collaboration - Meetings Plus Followup Discussion » 2025-07-28 17:16:26
I was reminded that a washing machine for space zero g would be something that should be with a patent. It was a small concept that RobertDyck and I worked to flesh it out in a topic long ago.
#298 Re: Not So Free Chat » slavery - why does it still exist? » 2025-07-28 14:53:25
But for jobs that offer a "Living Wage", there must be an economy which can be productive. You cannot share a pie if no pie is made.
China is not the US freind as corporate greed to create profit is driving what was once made here now to overseas, where the real slaves live now. Tarrifs do not make those jobs come back.Only taxing the companies that leave the US will.
#299 Re: Single Stage To Orbit » A SSTO research project. » 2025-07-28 14:44:50
The current Falcon 9 could be a single stage that is stretched with the fuel contained in the second moved to the first and replacing part of the truck with a small satelite push motor to give mobility on orbit and for deorbit.
The Titan II could make it to orbit as well but with very little payload as well.
https://www.spaceline.org/cape-canavera … act-sheet/
#300 Re: Meta New Mars » Housekeeping » 2025-07-28 14:42:30
The centripical force by moving the fuel with the paddles creates AG on the working fluid forcing it to the wall of the tank. As soon as boil off is created the gas will make the fluid start to increase with each push of it with the paddes.
The apollo had a tank rupture by a much smaller tank stiring.