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#76 Re: Human missions » To the moon first... - then to Mars and asteroids... » 2004-01-15 23:21:36

wgc

back to the moon by 2020!! Fifty years and we're back where we started. After all the inventions of the last century how could this happen. Well, I know why - money, but it's a shame.

Arthur C Clarke and Patrick Moore were both hoping to live to see a man on Mars, they've got no chance now.

Will any of us live to see a man on mars?, I'm beginning to doubt it unless the can find and fix the aging gene.

This exploration paradym seems to be mirroring the exploration of the artic and antartic, first came the loan explorers than after some time lag came the longer duration better equipped expiditions.

In the history books of 500 years hence, that 50 year gap will seem quite insignificant. there may be a paragraph as to how the exploration of the solar system was affected by the politics of the time.

Also timeframes are pretty meaningless, in 1946, who would of guessed that by 1969 the us would have a man on the moon.

The infrastructure wasn't in place.

This small step is the start of building a new infrasturture, the technology of today is much better than what was in 1969. I suspect when they talk about a lunar program the're thinking in terms of several flights a year. something a shuttle schedule.

And Besides

For all you know some in some little research center could be deriving the basis for a warp drive, who knows.

postscript: don't take that last paragraph too seriously and start flaming me.

#77 Re: Not So Free Chat » A bet - Adrian and Josh - discussion » 2004-01-15 23:08:19

wgc

As some may know, I have an ongoing bet with Josh related to a manned mission to mars being declared within the next... 4 years now, I think (time left)

When we made the bet, we both agreed to abide by Adrian's determination on the final outcome of who wins the bet.

Well, I need a judgement call on whether or not this might count...

[http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=12520]http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=12520

A fact sheet on the bill follows:

Space Exploration Act of 2003 Fact Sheet

Requires the NASA Administrator to set the following goals for the future activities of NASA's human spaceflight program:


Within 8 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low earth orbit to the L 1 and L 2 Earth-Sun libration points and back, to the Earth-Moon libration points and back, and to lunar orbit and back.


Within 10 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from low Earth orbit to and from an Earth-orbit crossing asteroid and rendezvousing with it.


Within 15 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back, as well as the deployment of a human-tended habitation and research facility on the lunar surface.


Within 20 years of enactment, the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans to and from Martian orbit, the deployment of a human tended habitation and research facility on the surface of a Martian moon, and the development and flight demonstration of a reusable space vehicle capable of carrying humans from Martian orbit to the surface of Mars and back.

Now, I want to know, if this Act passes the house and Senate, and is signed into law, do I win.

cool

I will abide by the ruling, but I just want to clarify this issue. I still thin there will be a presidential declaration, and if that is neccessary to win, so be it, but this might just what we have been waiting for...

I told you we were all in for a few surprises, now didn't I.  :laugh:

I don't think there's enough support for this act, and I personally think your probably off by about 8 years.

#78 Re: Meta New Mars » Away » 2004-01-15 23:04:29

wgc

Just a quick note to say that I will be away for the next week. Don't all cheer at once, guys, but basically this means three things:

1) After Saturday, the main newmars.com website will not be updated for at least a week. Yes, I know this will hardly represent a deviation from the normal state of affairs, but I did just put up a new interview, didn't I? And there'll be another article up tomorrow as well.

2) Don't trash the forums.

3) If anything goes wrong, don't expect it to be fixed before I get back, since I don't intend to touch a computer while I'm away and I imagine that if I did, my girlfriend would break my hands (and that would of course be a bad thing).

A truely dedicated person would take a wi-fi equipped laptop and a pagger.

smile Just kidding. I'm the new kid in town but I plan to get very deep into this. I already have two of my own websites with space related material.

wgc

#79 Re: Not So Free Chat » Bush's New Space Policy - Discussion, reactions, questions... » 2004-01-15 22:59:23

wgc

And Bill, good damn point. We're going to finish the ISS (which will take at least two years), only to scrap it in 5 years (3 years after we've completed it)? Is that insane or what? It makes absolutely no sense. Hell, take the ISS apart and land it on the moon!

Sorry to nit-pick, after you agree with me Josh, smile

but I was talking about the shuttle.

I believe the plan for the ISS is to give it to the ESA or whoever come 2012, not de-orbit it.

I believe the Us plan is to use it for limited micro gravity and space medicine research, and to "assist" the other partners in whatever research they do.
Access would be through assests of the partners, until a cev system is in place.

Congress is likely to buy into the cev because the alternative is to recertify the shuttle, very costly and unpopular.

Congress is also not likely to merit the idea of relying on foriegn assests for servicing capability so given a viable proposal for a cev, which may already exist , a couple years down the line they might push for an acelertated cev program.

If I had to envision a design.

It would probably be a resusable capsule , not a mini shuttle but designed for land vs. sea landings. it would be module and configurable for both leo and cislunar type operations.

I would not be surprised if the James Wood telescope was scrapped and as a compromise to the astronomy community a cev hubble servicing mission was devised, and the lifespan of the hubble increased for another decade.

This plan is both a way-out and a trap for congress. If this is just an election year ploy its well conceived.

#80 Re: Space Policy » Bush Sets Wrong Goal? » 2004-01-15 22:40:06

wgc

If a president is serious about space he will do something big during his first year -- not in his reelection year.

Totally agreed, there. I don't think any more needs to be said. This is the single most important truth here.

Has Zubrin said anything about this yet? I can't find anything on Google news. I'm really interested in his take.

Not true, I think the Columbia incident changed a lot, just like 911 shaped the atittude about home land security.

Do you seriously think the president could push a Mars plan with this congress... your really into fantasy.

#81 Re: Space Policy » Bush Sets Wrong Goal? » 2004-01-15 21:45:30

wgc

But that is what has me so confused, Rob. Bush set some very specific agenda. A Crew Exploration Vehicle, capable of servicing the space station and flights to the moon, by 2008/2014. A return to the moon by 2014/2020, and a lunar outpost, where spacecraft can be launched on interplanetary missions.

He has set a very specific goal; a goal emulating science fiction. This does not seem to me like an efficient way to conduct human exploration of 'the cosmos'.

If Bush was expecting all this within the current budget, he clearly did not do his homework. I dunno, can't really think of a plan more difficult than this. I just hope 'difficult' doesn't mean 'too expensive'.

This plan is a buyin for congress, ok congress you said nasa has no focus, ol here's the plan , we're not asking for a lot of extra funding initially, if you dismiss this than its not "my administration" thats at fault its you folks.

Much like the iss was able to survive because of its ties to international commitments, this one will be tied to the legacy of Columbia, the caib recommedations , and talent recruitment at nasa.

Short of another space race you need to find domestic reasons for continuing the program. The plans not brilliant no, but its pushing congress in a direction .. now is it sustainable...depends on a lot variables.

#82 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 21:30:02

wgc

Yea, I've been doing a lot of that too. I've kinda thinking I should start using Hush mail, because especially with the media I've been giving them harsh critzism, but some of the stuff they are printing is so outlandish. Their basically taking the amount spent on Apollo, adjusting for inflation over 15 years and comming out with some way out figures just for a lunar mission. There mars figures are astronomical.

that like saying you've spent a million dollars on health care, well you probably have over a 25 year period. But your per year amount is much lower.

Buggles the mind.

#83 Re: Human missions » a reason why Pres Bush is in no rush on mars » 2004-01-15 21:16:30

wgc

The reason that The president is not in a hurry for Mars could be because he's serious about the plan, not just an election year tactic.

A commitment to Mars in this political environment would be Dead on Arrival. No matter how technically sound and cost effective.

Not when your audience, congress, the media, the general public (some) has the technical prowness of a gerbal!

#84 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 21:12:05

wgc

The plan implies a buyin by both congress and future administrations. Trying to do it internationaly would fail because that didn't work with the ISS . The reason the ISS survived was because of the international Obligations. The reason this plan may make it is because Congress was expected to do something after the CAIB report.

although the finding went over the heads of the average american, it was clear that the fault for Columbia was both with Nasa and the political environment. For congress to dismiss the plan as dead on arrival would be like an admission of guilt.

Secondly its about image building, a redefined more popular NASA may have a better time with future administrations, also it may be able to attract new talent ,because a large percentange of its work force is near retirement.

Nasa now has an office of Exploration : Think about that for a minute, a division devoted entirely to interplantary manned flights.

That was unthinkable just a few months ago.

#85 Re: Human missions » Post central for information on CEV - iformation station for the spacecraft » 2004-01-15 20:58:22

wgc

When I listened to Okeaf, I did get the impression that they were at least thinking in that direction. it would make sense. I also found it interesting that when asked about what would happen to the launch centers during the period between shuttle retirement and the cev, He kind of hinted they would be testing the cev. So when they say that the cev won't be ready for human flight until 2014. do they mean as an operational vehicle or a test vehicle. I get the impression that manned flights to leo would probably start much earlier. I doubt its going to be an automonous vehicle which means piloted test flights. I would not be real surprised if the first big test of the cev  is a hubble servicing mission. It would make sense now to not spend funds on a new generation of telescopes but the astronmy community then would push to extend the hubble lifetime.
I don't agree with President  Bush on many things but I think he purposely taking this slow to avoid the program being killed by congress.

First if Congress doesn't give the program a chance than all the stuff about nasa not having goals, coherent plans that came about out of the CAIB is going to fall back on Congress. They will deservely get the egg on their face.

Secondly the plan retires the shuttle, no costly recertification.
It fullfills our international obligation, but places the space station in the proper perspective.

Does this plan  have a chance of surviving administrations , why not the shuttle and ISS did. I think the public may be more willing to spend the money if they have more cofindence in Nasa, if Nasa can rebuild its image, this is the best chance they have at doing that. This is not a billiant plan by any means but its by no means the work of some nieve child space cadet (as the president has been labeled). This is a plan designed by politicians for politicians.

Technology isn't going to get us to Mars, presentation and image building will get us there more than 99% of the way.

Just an opinion.

#86 Re: Human missions » Maybe the time is wrong. - read all before you flame please » 2004-01-15 20:41:44

wgc

Well I've been spending a lot of time since the Bush anouncement reading the various media reaction to the plan and maybe there's a better use for that 11 billion dollars. Actually more will be needed for what I'm proposing.

I think we need to use that money to take anyone associated with the press (tv, radio etc.) lock them away in some secluded University in the montains for say a couple years or decades and teach them some science. Because apparently very few of them must of been awake during grade school science class. Also some math, I want to know how they come up with a figure of a trillion dollars for a moon program. Than without their "EXPERT" analysis and quotes from so called space authorities , this country can get on with a Mars Program.

Wow, if this works maybe we could budget to take all the laywers and teach them some social science. (now that really fringes on the impossible.

sad  sad  sad

#87 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 11:38:53

wgc

I don't believe any of the inital cost mention anything about a moon base, its just seed money to get the program going. And start basic design studies. reorientating the osp to more like something like a crew exploration vehicle.

Chinia thinks it can do it for less.

I think people fail to seem the significance of all this, for a long time now Mars has been a dirty word with the space agency.

I can imagine that in many nasa center around the country, there were little research groups looking at mars/moon related activity. The bring your own coffee donuts , kind of unofficial projects. Now they can all come together, in the open. (Thier employees can expense the donuts) .

Now the Nasa web page can actually feature info on Mars moon iformation.

Now when you go to mission space in florida, they anouncer can say in about 15 or 20 years, rather than "some indetermined " time in the future.

This is mearly setting a direction, a project plan if you will to start developing the technical designs.

Such things sometimes lead to paradym shifts in peoples attitudes, to early to say if thats what happening.

#88 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 10:29:03

wgc

Or some penny pinching Democrat will cancel it altogether for more handouts?

What ever happened to the JFKs in the Democrats; almost all of the 9 dwarfs running now think it is a bad idea....

Dean's stance seems to change with the phases of the  moon, I think he's for a manned space program but feels that to acknowledge that now would be bad for his campaign run. Did he come out for Mars direct at one time??

#89 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 08:35:52

wgc

I think a lot of us are hoping that once the infrastruture is being developed a future administration might take a look a the dates again and put the program on a more fasttrak. I think the timeline is more for political consumption than technical. You know the program will span several administrations.

Wishful thinkng, who knows

#90 Re: Space Policy » Bush Sets Wrong Goal? » 2004-01-15 07:55:36

wgc

On further thought, perhaps I was/am frustrated to realize the media and public had such great interest in a manned Mars mission, and little interest in a Lunar equivalent. Maybe if Bush had announced a Mars goal instead of a Lunar goal, we would have had a better chance of going to Mars sooner than we will likely meet the Lunar goal now... If your still with me... Get my drift?

The goal gets us out of leo. There's already misinformation that the moon plan could cost 1 trillion dollars, remember its an election year an the candidates are taking there positions. Do you think a Mars Proposal at this time really would have a chance. Even this very modest proposal is being thrown out of proportion by the self serving agenda of congressman and so called experts.

You know all the debate is a sad commentary on the total lack of science education in our schools and plain apathy by the media. How many stations carried the spirit landing. I had to watch nasa direct over broadband internet.

#91 Re: Human missions » Bush's vision : at least a start? - is it a step in the right direction? » 2004-01-15 07:20:25

wgc

Hey I'm back, hope to be posting a lot more lately, been working on several different things, including my novel Sol3:Darkside.


Now that there's at least a framework in place, a new direction  I think we need to try to tailor that iniative to ultimately achieve our goals.

One big issue I see I'd like to bring to your attention that I think we as Mars Society members can do is to try to minimize the amount of false information being put out by the press.

I've seen numbers in the press from 1 trillion to several 100 billion dollars. And almost every article states that the country will need to start over again and build a Saturn V type vehicle.

There was nothing to that extent in the Nasa's director's comments, and from what I can tell the Shuttle C and Shuttle V proposals are still viable and on the table for consideration.

Whats even more troublesome are certain remarks by so called "Space Experts", clearly motivated not by true analysis but by the fact that their own preferences for robotic missions isn't beging embraced.

The media is fair game for these so "Called Experts".

I suggest other members do what I am doing, when I see things in the press that aren't exaclly correct I use the feedback feature to tactfully give my opinion.

#92 Re: Human missions » Post Kitty Hawk Momentum Shifts to Mars - Marssociety headline » 2003-12-23 22:57:09

wgc

Again I fail to see the good news, postponed but not replaced by any other plan. Kind of like saying hey wer're shutting down the ISS for we can devert the funding to Iraq. I'm not going to declare victory until there's a proposal on the floor.

wgc

#93 Re: Human missions » Post Kitty Hawk Momentum Shifts to Mars - Marssociety headline » 2003-12-23 06:44:22

wgc

With all the posts I've been putting out, I don't want anyone to get the impression I'm anti Mars, I'd rather see us go to Mars than the moon. However I do believe somewhere down the line the country needs to go back to the moon.
Either its going to be the moon as the offshoot of a mars program or mars as the offshoot of a lunar program. Doesn't make since to have a space program which doesn't have a means to reach your own satellite .. does it.

I'd like to thank the folks at newsMars for indirectly leading me to typepad and movabletype. I'm attempting to write a novel about moon/mars exploration and I was looking for a nice platform. I have a test site at sol3.typepad.com and secured the domain www.sol-3.org, I plan to have my own messageboard also. This kind of web activity can only help our cause I hope, anyone ever thought of starting an on-line Marssociety charter, based on a weblog that members could update. Just an idea.

#94 Re: Human missions » Post Kitty Hawk Momentum Shifts to Mars - Marssociety headline » 2003-12-23 05:59:14

wgc

The headline on the Marssociety home page proclaims,Post Kitty Hawk Momentum Shifts to Mars , later in the editorial it states "we won".

Someone please explain to me how the fact that President Bush delayed any announcement indicates the position is shifting in our favor.

Maybe there will be no decision. My personal opinion is that he wants the maxium exposure so maybe he will do something on the anniversary of the Challenger or Columbia disasters.

Meantime , I hope our rovers make it to Mars sucessfully, I'm counting on at least the Beagle 2 getting there. Will see if that creates some public momentum.

#95 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 20:42:50

wgc

By the way how to you become anything other than a junoir member in this forum, is it average number of post daily or do you have to bribe someone.

#96 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 20:41:09

wgc

Ok , I admit it I'm a card carrying member of the National space spciety, the planetary society and of course the mars society. Mars society most recently, I've been with the other groups longer, with NSS when it was called the L5 society.

I want to see a space program back on track, achieving positve goals and expanding .

Now be it an :

Active Mars program
Active Moon Program
or even astoroid recon (same delta v requirements for a moon mission will get you to the astoroid)

Any of the above will give the country experience in:

Launch capability
Capture and docking
Closed life support systems

Hopefully the 21th century will be the century of solar system exploration, the 22th century will see exploration out to maybe 10 light years or so, and beyond that who knows. there is some talk of lanching a Kuipner belt probe somewhere around 2050 out about .4 light years. (thats (point) .4 light years don't get to excited)

You have to learn to float before you can swim.

#97 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 20:29:54

wgc

I see tons of good points made here, but I tend to agree with Bill White that the Mars folks should hold out as long and as strongly as possible to see our agenda implemented.  I have a feeling most space buffs would not be rabidly anti-moon, since it is, after all, a step forward from our current stagnation.  But for Mars advocates there is no reason to settle for less than the holy grail until absolutely necessary.  At the very least this could result in a lunar sequel that has dual-use capability & be forward-compatible with a future Mars program.

Besides, even if all the space advocates were able to unite behind one goal (be it moon or Mars) I'm not sure it would make a difference.  I think that the forces that drive space policy--aerospace industry, entrenched NASA ideology, the various scientists who drive the funding process for their own projects-- at the government level dwarf the puny voice of the space grass-roots, even a united grassroots voice.  (Please feel free to prove me wrong on this.)

To sum up, I think the Mars agenda has more to lose right now by pitching in with the rest (non-Mars) of the space community.  Later on it may be worthwhile if Mars turns out to be hopeless in the near future.  And I don't see such a strategy as childish-- just pragmatic.

Finally there is the public.  I think the idea of trying to massage public opinion is pretty sage and may be the only hope of the space grassroots having more than a token voice in policy.  But I have always found it really distasteful the way politicians hire big Madison Avenue firms to mindf**k everything with their image micromanaging and uber-spin.  The first Gulf War was partly sold to the American people this way, and it often uses completely dishonest tactics.  Do we want to become this Machiavellian in our efforts?  Personally, I'm torn, because I think it would be for the greater good.  But there is that thing about paving roads with good intentions.  And... could an organization like the Mars Society even afford such a thing?  Some of these firms charge astronomical (excuse the pun) rates.  It could drain money that would be better spent elsewhere producing real results (such as the Translife experiment). 

WGC's election-oriented idea sits better with me.  There are a few officials from districts that are heavily dependent on space for their economies.  (namely So. Cal, Houston and Florida's Space Coast.)  Concentrating in these areas with election day activism may pay off well.  The voting public in those places would surely be pretty receptive to it. 

I would guess that there already have been political candidates in these localities who have lost elections because of their stance on space.

Something to think about.

Positive or negative, If some candidate lost because they took a positive position on space It must not of been very publicly reported. Please name one??

#98 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 18:18:12

wgc

If we go to Mars, before building up the space infrastructure in LEO, GEO and Luna, we will in fact repeat the very same mistakes America made by going straight for the Moon.

I can agree with this. smile

MarsDirect without a genuine follow on settlement plan does very much risk a repeat of Apollo and the possibility of a "been there-done that" mentality setting in post MarsDirect.

Yet without a commitment to a permanent human presence in space why do we need any of this infrastructure? If the goal is permanent presence I am pretty much okay with ANY plan.

Infrastructure is good so long as calls for infrastructure are not merely smokescreens to pacify space advocates with an "Emperor's New Space Program" just like the children's story the "Emperor's New Clothes." In other words, we should oppose calls to "Ooh and Aah" the fancy drawings or promises to do something, next decade.

= = =

As a practical matter the Moon is very far more likely (see clark's American moonbase thread for reasons) and I fully support plans to establish a permanent presence there. If for no other reason than my belief that a permanent American only base would be matched by a permanent ESA base managed ISS-style. Let's see if Chirac can make that work. tongue

clark's other thread mentions an article that compares a lunar base to the British naval base at Gibraltar. Since Gibraltar was a painful thorn in France's side for a few centuries don't expect a US-only base to go unmatched by the ESA.

More people in space is good. Be they US, French or Nigerian.

= = =


None of this, "Mars is better than the Moon becuase..."

Absolutely! And vice versa, no?

Still, why must it be either/or?

TransHab (constructed from boron doped, hydrogen rich polyethelyne + plus a carbonfiber layer inside the fabric sandwich if you insist + kevlar for strength) offers a radiation shielded environment useful for the Moon or Mars. Dome a crater with this fabric and pressurize. Voila! - lunar habitat.

And, as life engulfs the solar system, BOTH the moon and Mars will be assimiliated by those pesky DNA life forms that crawled from Earth's primordial seas.

I agree that the apollo program couldn't be maintained but it could of been scaled back , some of the elements redeployed. I think a lot of the reasons other than the war was Nixion sticking it to those "Democrats". Political in-fighting After all it was Kennedy's program".

As to this whole argument, I'd love to see us go to mars, I think we will probably around the 2020 mark, I think techology may become available to us that makes that easier. This is 1944 and we are trying to predict what we have in 1969. You can take an educated guess but it likely to be wrong.

The statements coming out of the interagency panel, very few say that whatever the destination is it will be doable and not break the budget. True or false doesn't matter, many lawmakers think mars would be to expensive.

Hey a good start might be to stop refering to those other folks as Loonies.....

#99 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 12:52:15

wgc

Go to spacetoday's website and scroll through older articles.

The number of newspapers calling for "Mars" are more than you might first think.

= = =

Added comment:

Is the purpose of space advocacy to follow public opinion or to shape public opinion?

Lets think about this for a minute because I believe that the existing space advocacy organizations are clumsy and amateurish in their efforts to shape public opinion.

Need heart surgery? Hire an MD with years of experience. Need to design a nuclear reactor? Hire a nuclear engineer. Need to calculate orbital trajectories? You get the idea.

Today I saw that the LA district attorney has hired a public relations firm to help with media exposure related to the Michael Jackson prosecution. James Carville and Karl Rove (to be bi-partisan about this) what do those guys do all day?

Apply that lesson to space advocacy. Shape public opinion, don't merely accept it.

I like this idea a lot, but how do we get started. I think making it clear to the politicians out there that we are going to make space an election issue would be a good start.

If we stood outside voting places and passed out literature, if come election time we put out banner adds supporting our position.

If just one senator/representative lost an election, and it could be traced to how they voted on the space issues, the climate would change.

Also

Technical revolutions are not always continuous they somethime require paradyme shifts.

#100 Re: Human missions » Space groups Unite - Stop acting like children » 2003-12-18 10:08:28

wgc

If I Had to take a guess I think with enough public support a Mars program derived from a Lunar program could put us on Mars by 2020- 2025. Why?

SpaceShip one and its cousins wasn?t possible just a few years ago, The components for its construction didn?t exist. They use a lot of ?Off the Shelf? components, these were not specifically designed for private spacecraft, they come from totally unrelated industries and even government programs.

Likewise much of the hardware and infrastructure for a mars program could be ?repuposed? from a lunar program.

We aren?t going to build habitats on Mars very soon, but if you had a sustained lunar program with frequencies somewhere around 3 to 4 flights per year you ?maybe? could do something like a ISS style lunar base, ?Maybe?.

Collecting rocks isn?t going to get the public support, you get to the moon, you establish and internet IP and you find innovative ways to get the public at large involved.

The exploration effort should mirror the early artic/antartic explorers not the Apollo missions.

The colonization of the Americas was a continium from Columbus to Lewis and Clake, if you look at the dates closely you see it was very discreete. Its just seem differently looking back over Historical time scales.

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