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If you add buildings, you are increasing the available surface area, but not increasing the amount of sunlight.
Effectively, averaged over the entire city, yes. The Citicorp building gets an increase in potential collector area at the expense of decreased illumination time for other portions of the city. However, power generation is unlikely to be completely homogenous, even with distributed solar power.
Another important consideration is that New York City uses so much electrical power that portions of the city cannot obtain enough power from outside the city - the state electrical grid won't handle it. New York City must generate about 75% of its own electricity, using power plants right in the city. If it could be generated on site by solar panels without significant cost over what it would take to upgrade the grids (upgraded in order to, say, pull in power from an SPS microwave receiver in the countryside), that would be competitive with anything that requires upgrading the power grid to pull in more electrical power from outside sources.
Estimating from US EIA and US Census records, the approximate average electrical power requirement of New York City is about 0.5 GW. That's a little over 60W per person, and can be supplied by a 10% efficient fixed solar array of 1300 hectares total area at that latitude. That's less than 2% of the land area of the city. There's no need to add new buildings just for solar power plants.
At $20/W installation costs (for any other city in the country, it'd be <$4 ), that's a total installation cost of $10 Billion (US). I'd love to be able to install a similarly sized SPS and receiver stations for that price, but I don't think we can.
The power demand of the urban area around New York City is similar, only distributed over a larger area. So, $20 billion, max.
We would do better to go solar right here on Earth, and either leave SPS alone or use it exclusively in space.
I just finished watching a program about gamma ray bursts, then immediately the math of them came to mind.
Gamma ray bursts seem to be a large stars collapsing into a black hole in stellar nurseries.
Theses stars can be no smaller than 5 solar masses and on average are 10 solar masses.
If we detect 10 gamma ray bursts a day and only see one in 20,000 of them, that means that 200,000 of them happen a day.
200,000 black holes X 365 days X 15 billion years.
In any account of mass in the universe, the black holes in the universe far outweigh the visible.
Could this be the illusive dark matter, or just a large part of it?
Whoa, Nickname.
Where are you getting these figures? Where they mentioned in the program you watched, or are you finding them from another source?
I am particularly suspicious of that 200000 per day figure.
The SWIFT gamma ray observatory is reportedly only detecting about 100 gamma ray bursts per year (one every few days), most of these at intergalactic distances. SWIFT doesn't watch the entire sky, and comparison with other observatories indicates that there is somewhere in the neighborhood of one or more detectable events per day inside SWIFT's detection horizon. 10 events per day seems a reasonable guess. That observable horizon is several billion light years - a big chunk of the volume where those 200000 GRB's per day are supposed to be.
If there really are 200000 per day, SWIFT should be seeing more of them.
This documentary clearly took some liberties with its numbers. I believe you need to adjust your figures downward, and limit your calculations to the sample space we can actually see. 10 GRB's per day inside the sample space (e.g., the volume inside SWIFT's detection horizon), period.
10 black holes x 365 days x 15 billion years = 54.8 trillion black holes
That's a lot, but it's only a fraction of a percent of the number of observable stars in that sample space. Extending that sample to the rest of the universe implies that the number of black holes formed during GRB's is likewise only a fraction of a percent of all stars.
That's not enough to explain the gravitational deviations that Dark Matter was posited to explain.
However, I believe what agnosticism really needs is some better PR.
No, what agnosticism really needs is something else. I have no doubt that a lot of people are going to be telling you that you are moving in the wrong direction with this "Rational Agnosticism" of yours, and many of them will be right.
So, let me say that I can't conceive of a better way to begin.
If you never do anything wrong, you'll never make progress spiritually. If you're like me, you're going to have rap a few times to find out if it's hollow. I congratulate you on your enthusiasm, and I have faith that you'll acquit yourself well.
Just don't fall into the trap of Dawkins, et al.: Don't take a single true fact and try to mate it with everything that will stand still long enough.
the biggest problem with Solar cells is that they don't work in cities so well, especially if you live in a high rise. If you live on the second floor of a 5 story building, all the tennants must share the same roof, and the roof won't have enough area to supply all the occupants with electricity. Also some buildings will tend to shadow others. If you wanted to supply New York City with electricity from Solar Cells, you'd have to blanket the suburbs with them...
No.
A photovoltaic cell only responds to the angle of incident light, not the angle of the cell. Thus, if the horizontal roof of the building is too small to hold an adequate array, you can put them on a well lit vertical wall instead.
The Citigroup Building,for example, a fair-sized skyscraper in New York, has an average wall area of about 1.2 hectares on each wall. About half of this is shaded during the day, and the north side is unsuitable for solar panels, so it offers about 1.8 hectares of useable wall area, or around four times its roof area (which, if you'll look at the picture, is tilted to increase its exposed area - for a flat-topped skyscraper of the same size, the wall area is seven times the roof area).
This building could be retrofitted with a 1 MW photovoltaic powerplant. Many other suitably positioned buildings in New York City could be suitable modified, including, I'll bet, about half the houses in the suburbs.
There is no reason to travel to outer space in order to find the acreage necessary for solar power conversion on Earth. Solar power satellite stations are not necessary, and are not cost effective in comparison.
Is there a list of potential contributors or companies that could use their technologies to aid a Mars mission?
You know, I don't think there's a list. :shock:
At this point, all such companies are either applying their skills to something else or just beginning the R & D phase. There are a few worth watching, such as JP Aerospace, which plans to test a manned capsule this year and has given some theoretical consideration to using their launch technology for missions to other planets. However, as far as I am aware, they are not putting additional resources toward a hypothetical Mars mission at this time. Just like everyone else, they're focussed on making their system work well enough to get to Earth orbit first. Mars is a distant goal for them - so distant that it's not even worth spending money on today.
That looks pretty typical for most of the groups trying to develop new launch technologies.
Orbit first, Mars later.
[URL=http://news.yahoo.com/s/csm/20070104/ts_csm/catheist_1]Atheists & agnostics challenge U.S. "religious right"[/URL]
What - a - mess.
Ah, the Reality-TV of science/theology discourse... I'm mildly disappointed to see that Dawkins is finally dunking for pig intestines like almost every other major contestant, but not very surprised. True, just reading it makes me want to hold my nose, but Dawkins' bucket of tripe doesn't stink any worse than Jerry Falwell's.
As for my opinion of the recent petty attention grab by US Representative Virgil Goode: If a US Senator wants to be sworn in with his hand on a copy of Baron D'Holbach's The System of Nature, and the Library of Congress can pony up Thomas Jefferson's old copy, then the US House of Representatives et al. had better shut up and like it. However, I don't see the virtue in ending this tradition of offering senators a token opportunity to claim religion, nor do I see how that token - evenly offered to all takers with the book of their choice - threatens the separation of church and state in any fashion.
A neotraditionalist would settle Mars because they don't like the direction their society is going. Same sex marriage and abortion might offend them for example, so they come to Mars intent on keeping their traditions alive without the interference of Modern Society in an increasingly global and interconnected world. Some people just don't want to be part of the Global Village, or have the Global Village imposing its idea on them.
Quite possibly, but you're ascribing motive. Motive for neotraditionalism depends on the individual. If you look far enough, there are examples of people living neotraditionalist lifestyles that are just fine and dandy with the things you suggest they would be fleeing - except one thing. They do not generally want the "Global Village" imposing its ideas on them, for the simple reason that when doing so the Global Village tries to crowd out competing ideas. The one thing that all of these people have in common is that they're working to preserve something - a belief, a lifestyle, a technology, a gene pool, whatever - against the destructive homogenization that is mark of the Global Village.
And yes, some of them might wish to settle a new world for exactly the reasons you ascribe.
OK, that's cool. 8) Almost as good as Delta-X, without the crash.
I especially like the views where water droplets from the launch pad are getting sprayed all over the camera, then blown away. At least, I assume they're from the pad - what propellant are they using?
Regarding name recognition, check out Google Trends. It basically counts search hits for various topics. In this page, search hits for the various presidential candidates are charted over time. Gingrich is not on it, not having officially declared his candidacy, but you can add him - just go to the search bar at the top of the page.
All that this chart records is searches and news article volume, not public opinion. Also, please note the sidebar linking various points on the graph to political events. Not everything of political importance is an election or policy making event, though - the biggest spike on the graph is when Barak Obama put in an appearance on the Oprah Winfrey show.
PS - Mitt Romney declared his candidacy today. Despite support for research being conducted in his home state of Massechussetts, he's another member of the "I'm not opposed in principle, but..." group, and I can't recommend him.
I don't
Firefox; mac OSX.3
Browser Settings. :oops:
Is anyone else having problems seeing equations and math objects on the Wiki? :?:
I voted for McCain but surely you can come up with some better choices.
Actually, no - Tom's chosen the field about right for this poll.
Only Newt Gingrich and John McCain have come out in favor of adopting Mars exploration as a goal (in any form). John Edwards has placed himself solidly in the "I'm not opposed in principle, but..." camp. Hillary Clinton is no luddite, and has a favorable voting record on space exploration, but has never made it part of her platform despite several opportunities and is unlikely to become a driving force. Same for Rudy Giulliani, only without the voting record.
It is only the start of the campaign, and candidates can still register right up until 2008. But IMHO the other candidates don't perceive this as important enough to commit, and Bill Nelson shows no sign of throwing his hat in.
If you're looking for a pro-space presidential candidate, McCain and Gingrich are your choices thus far.
IMHO, they're about equivalent on this single issue. I'll vote for McCain, because I've liked his policies in other areas, and he's got broader name recognition.
Half of the Republican Party membership doesn't agree with them, either.
Vote your conscience, then lobby for what you want.
A manned Mars program isn't part of your "conscience"?
Sure it is - it's just not the only part.
I'm not voting to turn Guantanamo Bay into a new Mittelwerks just to churn out better rockets for someone's von Braunian vision. I wouldn't have voted for David Duke's gubernatorial campaign no matter how many stars he wanted to reach for. And I won't vote for anyone who draws a false dichotomy between conscientious voting and favoring space exploration. However, given two politicians whose platforms are otherwise equally desirable, I'll vote for the one in favor of space exploration, even if it means signing off on potential sacrifices.
PS - And I don't draw a distinction between the US Democratic party and US Republican party. There is no difference between the two on the local level - none - and the national level of either party is most efficiently influenced directly rather than waiting to use our votes for change.
I would recommend two routes:
Purchase 25 used copies of The Case for Mars at Amazon.com. Most will arrive in acceptable condition, and even with the extra 20% you'll discard for unusable condition, this will be cheaper than paying $15.00+ for 10 new copies. Note that the link given is for the paperback issue, which will show wear more prominently than the hardcover (which is also available on Amazon).
or...
Get the mailing addresses together and lobby the Mars Society to send the copies for you. I assume you've already tried this, but I also assume you've been refused and have given up. Reassess who to ask, and try again.
Isn't there ANYTHING that global warming is good for?
Yes. In spite of economically destructive climate shifts and net land loss, growing seasons are likely to be extended and the percentage of the Earth's surface where conditions are suitable for year round agriculture is likely to increase.
Global warming is likely to bring about something that no one has seen since the time of Leif Erickson: There will be wild grapes in Newfoundland again.
... which is why they landed in Florida. Stupid Reuters news wire...
Well, it's official, optimists are more likely to survive illnesses requiring hospitalization - 42 percent more likely - giving them a slightly longer lifespan.
Hmm... I wonder how much more likely they are to successfully develop new launch & propulsion technologies?
As of 4:30pm EST, Discovery is slated to land at White Sands, New Mexico.
Half of the Republican Party membership doesn't agree with them, either.
Vote your conscience, then lobby for what you want.
It turns out that the popular tale about the US investing millions on a pen that would write in zero gravity while the Soviets just handed their cosmonauts pencils is another urban myth.
Darn. It was a good story. (I admit that I bought it, too.)
Although I must admit, the part about the $130.00 mechanical pencils is still amusing. My last one cost 40 US cents.
I am curious: Did anyone else accept this as truth the first time they heard/read it?
Why shouldn't we assume mental health is a serious concern? It appears to at least be a risk from historical extended confinement tests and from actual stays on Mir/ISS.
Why assume what there is no evidence of?
Actually, there's plenty of evidence of the risk of psychological problems in isolated environments, with mariner's anecdotes going all the way back to ancient Greece.
Its only in the last century or so that scientific methods have been applied to studying the problem of mental health and crew morale in isolated environments. What these studies reveal is that isolation and cramped space alone are not the only factors affecting the crew's health (mental and physical), and their effects can be counteracted through proper management of the mission. Measures of crew morale reflect overall mental health, but three years of good morale isn't going to just happen. Morale is still somewhat mysterious, but maintaining the minimum necessary to complete a mission is something that can be controlled. Proper planning - including the provision of such details as good food and exercise, which is just as important as adequate personal space for crew morale - is required. We can beat "space madness" without much trouble. We just can't skimp on the materials and procedures necessary to do so.
IMHO, the worst flaw in Mars Direct's neglect of crew morale issues is not the personal space issue, which is still livable in the long term. Several studies also indicate the necessity of having a crew member in charge of implementing all of these morale-related plans. Since "Mission Commander" just sounds better than "Cruise Director", I propose giving our chief morale officer that title instead.
The crew needs a commander even more than it needs a bigger ship.
The occasional argument among crewmembers or annoyance with ground controllers hardly translates into "serious mental health issues" for the crew.
No, but it does represent a situation that should be allowed for in mission planning, and dealt with immediately.
I would assume that as part of crew selection, the primary and backup crews will undoubtedly train together for at least a few years. Including training in isolation where they have to work together for months on end with no other contact aside from radio messages from the "ground".
Any significant personality conflicts, psychological problems, or other abnormalities should be detected then.
Hmm...
So, we should create all of their problems with isolation and morale up front, then send them on a three year mission together, but only after we've deliberately broken up the team to cull the weak? I don't agree.
If a serious abnormality escapes detection prior to the mission, then it probably won't matter how much square footage the Hab has
Amen.
No one factor can provide a magic cure for all morale & mental health problems. Not more space, not pre-flight screening, not even a good cruise director (er... mission commander). We probably couldn't afford enough of it even if something were possible. At some point, the crew will just have to suck it up. All that we can do is make the trade-offs necessary to demand as little sucking as possible.
This is more like living in a one room effiency appartment.
Actually, it's more like everybody living in a one room efficiency apartment. (In fact, my first efficiency apartment was slightly bigger.) With that little space, unless the exercise equipment is left out all the time, there's not even reasonable assurance that they'll be able to pull it out to use it every day without having to shove somebody else's "workspace" aside. That consumes even more space for exercise equipment than necessary just ensure it's always available.
The only way to make the Mars Direct Hab livable is to get rid of the lab and clean out all that junk downstairs.
3 tops should be all that's required, and that's complex enough.
I do not agree. 3 launches should be enough to send the crew, ala DRM-III, but I don't vouch for its adequacy to both get the mission underway and, equally important, keep it underway.
Living and working on Mars will require more than just putting people on Mars, even if all we're talking about is a half dozen astronauts.
I don’t know where GCNRevenger gets his information about the mental health of the Salyut cosmonauts
He can have an interesting POV but often I just wonder about his mental health.
Regarding questions of GCNRevenger's sanity: Just accept the fact that he's a forum member on New Mars - there's no cause to wonder after that.
Frankly, I find his skepticism refreshing. The constant refrain of "Impossible!" never added one thing to my opinions, but finding honest responses to it sure did. So, let GCNRevenger bitch - it's good for you.
But what I do object to is a half dozen launches for ONE manned mission.
Well, I have no objection whatsoever to half a dozen launches for one manned mission. In fact, allowing the use of EELV, I'd say twelve or more was perfectly reasonable.
What would be utterly ridiculous, and politically untenable, would be to send that many for the next mission (or each mission, God forbid).