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It seems that SSTO is very very difficult and and a few decades away from becoming reality. Hopefully it can be achieved eventually, but maybe we should deal with developing the technology we have now.
The less stuff we have to lift from Earth, the better. Robotics and automation have shown a lot of success in recent years with the Jules Verne ATV, the Twin Martian Rovers etc etc
I feel we should develop the Moon and the Asteroids as much as possible for exploring Mars and further. SSTO can easily be achieved from these low gravity bodies. The Moon could serve as an important assembly and refueling point for Mars bound spacecraft/cargo.
Many asteroids could contain a lot of water ice and useful minerals that would be easier and less expensive to aquire and bring to the Moon than bringing them from Earth. The Moon is rich in minerals that could be used to manufacture spacecraft hulls, Habitat shells, Solar Panels, LOX, Glass, White Paint... They're going to need an Electric arc Furnace and some computerised Metal Cutting machines on the Moon.
I reckon we should try to push the manufacturing base for space travel as much into space and the Moon as possible. That will require a very heavy inital investment in Space manufacturing facilities and technology (and loads of Heavy Lifting Rockets) but this will bear incredible fruits later on.
If this network of resources can be made as efficient as possible, the only things being carried by expensive rockets from Earth's surface into space should be mostly humans.
The distances in space are considerable and can take months and years for craft to travel to their destination. To overcome this delay, a constant stream of craft could make transport and supplies steady. Titan and Ceres have resources that would be incredibly invaluable to human colonies and space manufacturing. Ceres may have volatiles necessary to support life and grow food. Titan is full of hydrocarbons that could be used for plastics ...
A form of governance will be unavoidable on Mars as it becomes more and more populated. There needs to be a set of laws, rights, rules and regulations agreed on by most people etc etc
Otherwise there will be utter chaos. Companies will be unable to protect their investment without a Martian Government or backing from a Earth based nation state.
The reality is that several nation states will have landed humans on the Moon and Mars by the end of 21st Century and they certainly aren't going there just for the sightseeing. They are going to want to appropriate a portion of the planets resources or establish trade that effectively does the same. Disputes will have to be resolved between all these powers.
A form of governing council on Mars thats democratically elected will be needed once a permanent population has settled.
It would be very suprising if one of Earth's powers didn't prop up a Martian government on the planet.
They can't appropriate the territory themselves without ripping up several treaties and coming to blows with all the other countries, but they can't stop the people of Mars making a claim of sovereignty and forming a government that happens to be pro - (insert name of powerful Earth Nation) and that would give preferential treatment to that Nation's trade and corporations, protecting its material property and IP etc etc
Terraformer -
I think we're looking for quite a loose form of government. No one really governs the Antarctic at the moment. I'm not saying we need an Antarctic Treaty, but that just illustrates the point that not everywhere needs to be run by a centralised state machine.
The reason for that are obvious. At most, 4000 people are living in Antartica as researchers. Under treaties, they are forbidden to appropriate its mineral resources. It's being kept as a pristine enviroment and nobody is settling it in any real way.
Settling Mars and exploiting its resources will create a need for some form of governance and organization or there will be conflicts. Hopefully, thats a democratic form of governance - whatever the settlers of the planet want for the planet goes etc etc
Everybody tells me an SSTO is impossible. But no one ever gives any figures.
Here's one estimate of an SSTO configuration:
"So how bad is this? Well, it's not good. Even with hydrogen, an SSTO launcher which weighs (say) 800,000 lbs at launch has to be 7/8ths fuel. We've got 100,000 lbs for tanks to hold 700,000 lbs of fuel, engines to lift an 800,000 lb vehicle, a heatshield to protect the whole thing on return, structure to hold it all together at high acceleration...and some payload to make it all worthwhile. Most of the dry weight has to go for the vehicle itself; only a small part of it can be payload. (That is, the "payload fraction" is quite small.) To get any payload at all, we need to work hard at making the vehicle ("dry") very lightweight."
So that's a 50 tonnes for tanks to hold 350 tonnes of fuel, engines, and the rest, including the payload.
But how much payload?
Saturn V was I think about 3000 tonnes in total mass.
Does that give us some leeway.
What if we had a 3000 tonne SSTO. Could that carry a 10 tonne payload.
Its not impossible. Its just not practical or easy to do atm. Multiple stage rocket are way easier to do. Even Scaled Composites White Knight had to use a two stage process to get into a sub orbital space.
If it were easy to do, it would have been done by now!!
Such a vehicle could be operated from the Lunar surface because of its weak gravity. Ships destined for Mars and beyond could be refueled in orbit by such a ship using LOX derived from the lunar surface.
In fact, ships could be potentially constructed from materials on the Moon.
We can't do SSTO on Earth quite yet.
I've got a slightly different Idea though.
An SSTO vehicle from the Lunar surface could be possible. If so, we could produce LOX fuel from the Lunar surface using a machine. An SSTO craft on the Moon could refuel ships in orbit periodically, to help the journey to Mars (or elsewhere)
If this process can be highly automated, that will probably be alot better.
The trouble is, no one has designed such a machine. The sooner, the better.
I believe that Solar power on the Lunar surface will be a fine power source for the time being esp near the pole. The moon has a large free open space to deploy massive solar cells. These don't need too much maintenance. If worst comes to worst, a batteries can store back up power.
There seems to be quite a lot of water Ice on the planet in craters, the poles, the regolith etc. I don't imagine it will be too much of problem to get water (and oxygen). Thats just heating and electrolysis, with filtering.
I'm a little more concerned at how you would produce food on this planet. Thats looks like it will be a daunting task.
I am sure they are. But in a small initial colony, we aren't looking for all those countless applications, especially if they involve other specialist equipment and processes, involving rare skills and highly technical working in sterile environments.
What we want to do is produce the necessities of life. We want to be able to replicate the energy producing and food production systems; we want to be able to make basic, containers, motors, tools and vehicles; we want to be able to construct and maintain habitats.
We don't want to produce a high tech industrial infrastructure in the early stages on Mars because that is too resource intensive. We need to be able to produce the simple materials: gases, metals, polymers and ceramics that will enable us to function.
Producing lightbulbs would be a step backward since they're going to be an extinct technology. They would also be an extreme waste of resources. A glass factory on mars, maybe... but there are few good reason to produce light bulbs.
The reality is that we live in an advanced technological society and any plans to colonize Mars must give it the benefit of modern technology. There is no point crippling that colony in the technological stone age.
Mars colonization will probably involve lots of high tech computers, automation, robots and communication infrastructure.
For the first small colony on Mars, It makes a lot more sense to ship LED lighting to the planet from Earth rather than produce it on the surface with a factory.
When the Martian colony expands, it probably will need to establish semi-conductor and electronics facilities to produce lighting and electronics.
Terraformer -
The treaty doesn't say you can't have settlements, it just says you can't appropriate the land to a nation. But a private company is not a nation. And a Planetary Settlement Protocol created by the private company is not a nation.
A private company might establish such a protocol which required that all further expeditions and settlements are approved through the main base on Mars. All visitors to Mars would have to show credentials at this base and be authorised to use power equipment on the surface of Mars and to have the aims of their visit and/or settlement approved. Any person failing to respect the protocol might have the power supply cut off and other equipment confiscated. The people in the unauthorised settlement would face the prospect of leaving the planet or being taken to the main base for their own safety.
I am not saying this is a great road to go down, but it is feasible and could be a bargaining chip in negotiations between the UN and Mars/the private company.
I think it is important to retain the aim of Mars being a single self-governing global community and not subject to the laws of earth bound states or the UN.
The "protocols" of this private company would not likely to be legally binding, and several of the colonists might decided to break the face of whomever used punitive action upon them (like cutting power).
They could hardly act as a immigration office for Mars since they don't have a legally binding claim to the territory. Again, colonists in riots and face breaking on a large scale even if they acted like such.
Private companies ultimately rely on governments to enforce property rights. Without this, they are pretty much defenseless.
Sorry - Gregori, I'm not going to trust you on this one.
Private companies are catching up with the states very quickly. Philanthropists can probably devote more finance to a single project like Mars than NASA can.
There are no rich "philanthropists" that have dedicated more than NASA finance to single project like Mars as of yet.. The investments have pretty much fallen much shorter and have produced inferior results...
History is really not on your side in this argument.
Besides that, why should the public wait for handouts from "philanthropists" to explore space when they can have a highly organized part of the state, which has a long term plan to provide that service.
Trust me, It'll will be government(s) that do it. Governments can invest on infrastructure and research without promise of a return profit. This principle has driven the development of high technology in the US. Government spends a ridiculous amount of money, privatizes anything profitable or useful later on. NASA and Military have been used as a type of corporate welfare system traditionally.
Corporations and private companies depend on governments to enforce property rights, provide policing and military. Governments can build efficient and harmonious infrastructure that ensures the profitability of private industry and minimizes investment costs and risk.
Maybe some privates and rich kids will do their little part, but they won't take on the role of government however.
At some point, a colonized Mars is going to need a from of governance. I only hope that it takes on a more democratic form than any of the excuses of ones we have on Earth.
I won't be anywhere near mars when the costs of getting there are low enough for you to get there, Gregori. I'll be terraforming Ceres, mining the asteroids, zipping around the solar system in my personal, NTR Powered shuttle...
I'll say it again: You should be allowed as much land in space as you can hold. That includes asteroids as well.
Terraform Ceres, LMAO
Gregori -
It is completely incredible that an advanced civilisation wouldn't discover radio waves! Radio waves are part of one of the four fundamental forces of the universe. Even if they are discovered say 2000 years after an industrial revolution on a planet makes little difference in terms of what we will be receiving here in terms of radio signals.
Its incredibley arrogant to assume they would.
Humans are pretty intelligent species, but for the most part of our existence on the planet, we hadn't relied discovered radio-waves, never mind using them for communication. Technology is not a linear path. Societies which have discovered and lost different technologies have come and gone. Concrete wasn't to be re-discovered until centuries after Romans first used it. The Egyptians maintained an advanced society that built monumental architecture without having discovered Iron/Steel etc etc
Who is to say an "industrial revolution" will even happen on another planet.
Yes - all good. But if they only produce LEDs then it is a rather restricted process.
Not true. The uses of LEDs are practically countless in the modern world. The same facilities and raw materials could also be used for the manufacturing of Solar Cells or microelectronics (like CPU's)...
the benefit of leds will be limitless
All electronics lights could be produced from such a factory. They are way more energy efficient, last much longer, less prone to failure
and are made of widely abundant materials on Mars
If you object to costly stealth bombers and military occupations, they you will also object to even more expensive social programs that turn citizens into government dependents.
Why would I object to social spending?
you need a very long lever
hhmmm.... Mars is different because lower gravity, lower temperature and compostion of the atmosphere
I've got a better idea. Give NASA the money, and let them do there job right. It will take some time, but it will happen.
Except it will vaporise in the near-vacuum before reaching the ground
Vapourise in YOUR Face!!!
I was actually in NY last week near Union square, Manhattan. I accidentally had a public debate with a Azebaijani, an Indian and a Tibetan about nationalism, none of whom I had met before. I made peace between them all with offerings of free M&Ms. It was awesome.
To cool Venus, a thin sun shield could be constructed out of a lattice of welded steel plates derived from an Iron rich Asteroid(s) and place in some stable orbit or another, probably further away from the planet. Preference will be for a modular and simple design, requiring very little imports from Earth after other than construction machinery.
The abundant solar power near Venus could power the machinery. If not that, perhaps a fusion reactor would work better.
To spin the planet faster, you need a really long lever
diamonds are useless, especially if quadrillions of carats... better buckytubes
Diamonds have loads of industrial uses. bucky tubes have very few as of yet. Both will eventually have there applications.
Given the horrible conditions on Venus, Diamonds exceptional properties could give them many awesome applications, esp on the surface.
Gregori, you forgot Heterosexual. And Christian. Remember, it's Heterosexual White Christian Males who control the planet and oppress everyone else. It's really amazing how such a small group control such a large planet.
Its more amazing how such small mind sets arise from economic and social class. I guess, in my experience its almost predictable who's saying something from what is being said.
By the time Mars manufacture and colonization becomes possible, light bulbs will be an extinct technology. They are also fragile and very energy inefficient
LED lights will probably be used.
what about batteries, or power storage systems? those weigh A LOT. What about vacuums to clean 10-100 km^2 of solar panels. What is you cover something you want to explore?
There heavy, but so is a nuclear reactor. Power storage is nothing that hasn't been done before...
Not all Alien civilizations will by default develop the same level or types of technology as us. In our region of the galaxy, civilizations may have never discovered radio waves or electricity. Its not incredibly unlikely. Only in the last two centuries have such technologies existed on Earth, a very short time compared with the thousands of years that our species has used much more primitive technology.
Many Alien world maybe in a medieval state of technology or even more primitive. The paradigm for technology may be completely different on an alien world due to its alien conditions.
An example would be that many central and south american civilizations became very complex, but never invented the wheel. There technological development was different to that of middle east/europe.
Truthfully, we may never know what form an Alien civilization will take. We can make good guesses based on our own history but we should never conclude that there is know one out there just because we haven't heard a radio-wave signal in the few decades that we studied this.
We should be patient and keep looking.