A surprising behavior of charges was found by a team doing research in chemistry.
It appears that under the right circumstances, electric changes that ordinarily repel each other can experience a small attraction. I don't know that this will ever change anything in the machines made by humans that depend upon reliable attraction and repulsion, but at least we (humans) are now aware of the discrepancy...
https://interestingengineering.com/scie … 01.03.24_1
One of the basic tenets of physics is not universal and can change depending on where these charges and what these charged particles are. That’s exactly what a research team at Oxford University under the leadership of Madhavi Krishnan, a physical chemistry professor, found out.
School textbooks are filled with experiments about opposite charges and their behavior. We know that a positive charge will attract a negative one but repel another positive charge. This basic tenet of physics is used worldwide in various applications and has never been found to be wrong.
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The strong nuclear force is the glue that holds reality as we know it togetherBut scientists like to probe things we know work well to the point where they stop working. That’s how new things are discovered and new theories come up. Krishnan’s team wasn’t just up to get science textbooks rewritten; they were looking at interparticle and intermolecular interactions that can explain how chemistry works, and that’s when they made this discovery.
When negative charges attract each other
Krishnan’s team at the Department of Chemistry at Oxford found that negatively charged particles attracted each other when there were large separations between them. Strangely, the same did not apply to positive charges, which were separate, and they continued to repel each other.
To understand this better, the researchers used bright-field microscopy to track negatively charged silica microparticles. These were suspended in water and formed hexagonally arranged clusters by attracting each other. Positive charges didn’t display this behavior.
Using the theory of interparticle interactions, the team considered the solvent structure at the interface of these microparticles. The researchers established an attractive force far greater than the electrostatic repulsion between the particles for negatively charged particles, eventually forming hexagonal clusters.
Images of interparticle interactions studied by the Krishnan Lab at Oxford University. Image credit: Krishnan Lab
Switching behavior of positive charged particles
The team was then keen to know if the behavior of the positive charges could be changed using the knowledge they now had. Since the attraction was based on the solvent where the particles were mixed, the researchers changed the solvent to an alcohol to see if the behavior changed.
In the new solvent, ethanol, the positively charged particles displayed attractive behavior. They formed hexagonal structures, whereas the negatively charged particles did not.
Interestingly, the behavior is also dependent on the pH of the solvent. So, when the team varied the pH of the water they were using, they could control whether the negatively charged particles formed clusters. The behavior of the positively charged particles was immune to the pH change.
The researchers are confident that their findings will cause a shift in how we think about charged particles and their behavior. This can have diverse applications ranging from changes in pharmaceutical formulations and fine chemical products to how molecules come together to cause a disease condition.
In addition to changing some fundamental physics, the research also opens up new avenues, such as determining the interfacial electrical potential of molecules in a solvent and assigning properties such as sign and magnitude to them, something that was considered immeasurable before.
Sida Wand, a graduate student at Oxford University who was involved in the research, has yet to come to terms with her discovery. “I still find it fascinating to see these particles attract, even having seen this a thousand times,” she said in a press release.
The research findings were published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.
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]]>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technolo … 68ab&ei=76
This appears to be a report on some bleeding edge research.
Hopefully someone will post text from the actual article.
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]]>The making of early modern eye models
Wenrui Zhao
Published:15 November 2023 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2023.0020
Abstract
Anatomical eye models became increasingly popular in the seventeenth century across Europe. They served as useful pedagogical tools, allowing the hands-on study of ocular anatomy and repeated re-enactment of the dissection process, while also being appreciated for their workmanship and aesthetics. Their makers included surgeons, anatomists and artisans, and they often collaborated to produce these artefacts. Comprising materials such as ivory, horn, glass and leather, the components of the model aimed to recreate and stand in for bodily surfaces and textures. This article takes the materiality of the eye model as the starting point from which to explore the role of material-based expertise and insights in producing knowledge of the body. The model encapsulated a conceptualization shared across surgical and artisanal practices that the body was a kind of material, equivalent to the matter craftsmen worked with. It enabled engagement with the body as material and encouraged a re-evaluation of sensory literacy, fostering a way of seeing that also entailed touching.
Scientists at Google DeepMind have created artificial intelligence software able to solve difficult geometry proofs used to test high school students in the International Mathematical Olympiad.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06747-5
Researchers Generate Next-Generation, Cobalt-Free Batteries
https://www.technologynetworks.com/tn/n … ies-382916
Past prototypes couldn’t match the energy output and stability of traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Meet Helios, a new class of space tug with some real muscle
https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/01/m … al-muscle/
"Just give us a sip. We'll take our 14 tons and we'll be glad to pay for it."
Supernova Study Shows Dark Energy May Be More Complicated Than We Thought
https://singularityhub.com/2024/01/12/s … e-thought/
Here's how a galaxy with no dark matter could prove dark matter exists
https://interestingengineering.com/scie … ter-exists
In an interview with IE, astronomer Sebastién Comerón explained the paradox of a dark matter-deficient galaxy being used as evidence for dark matter.
SpaceX and ESA collaborate on ISS mission featuring advanced german science experiments
https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Spac … s_999.html
On January 18, 2023, the European Space Agency's (ESA) Swedish astronaut, Marcus Wandt, will embark on a pioneering journey to the International Space Station (ISS). This mission, known as Muninn, will mark the first time an ESA astronaut participates in a commercial mission organized by the U.S. launch service provider Axiom, aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule from NASA's Kennedy Space Center.
Wandt's 14-day mission will be a blend of maintenance work and scientific inquiry, where he is slated to conduct 20 experiments. Of these, half involve German scientific involvement, overseen by the German Space Agency at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). This collaboration extends to esteemed German institutions like the DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, the Institute of Materials Physics in Space, the Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Charite hospital in Berlin, and the universities of Giessen, Greifswald, and Kiel.
Upon his return to Earth, Wandt will undergo scientific evaluations at DLR's ':envihab' facility in Cologne, an established post-mission tradition for ESA astronauts since Alexander Gerst in 2014. ':envihab', part of the DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, is adjacent to the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) and serves as a state-of-the-art research hub for scientific and medical examinations.
CIMON: A New Frontier in AI Assistance in Space
A highlight of Wandt's mission is his interaction with CIMON (Crew Interactive MObile companion), a unique AI-powered assistant developed by Airbus with IBM's Watson AI technology. This represents CIMON's first scientific mission, following successful technology demonstrations with astronauts Gerst, Parmitano, and Maurer. CIMON aims to enhance human-machine interaction on the ISS, with implications for advancements in robotics, education, medicine, and care on Earth.
Innovative Experiments and Studies
Wandt's mission will encompass a wide array of experiments, each addressing different scientific queries:
Bone Health: Investigating the impact of space on bone density, this study, led by the DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, seeks to understand bone loss mechanisms, potentially benefiting osteoporosis and spinal injury patients on Earth.
Cardio-Deconditioning: This ESA-led experiment, involving international collaboration, focuses on understanding cardiovascular changes in astronauts using cardiac MRI. Its findings could enhance care for bedridden patients and cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
BRAIN-DTI: Conducted in collaboration with universities in Belgium and LMU, this study explores how the human brain adapts to the unique conditions of space, providing insights into the brain's remarkable adaptive capabilities.
PK-4 Plasma Crystal Experiment: A visual study of atomic-level processes in plasma, this experiment has applications in semiconductor technology, propulsion systems, and medical treatment innovations.
ANITA-2: Monitoring air quality on the ISS, ANITA-2, developed by OHB System AG, offers real-time analysis of cabin air, enhancing astronaut safety and well-being.
Additionally, Wandt will perform maintenance on experiments with German participation, including the DOSIS 3D MINI experiment and preparatory calibrations in the Material Science Laboratory (MSL).
German-Swedish Space Collaboration
The mission also underscores the strong partnership between Germany and Sweden in space exploration, evident in student programs like REXUS/BEXUS, TEXUS, and the MAPHEUS research rocket program. These initiatives, fostering educational and research opportunities, highlight the collaborative spirit driving space exploration today.
Marcus Wandt's mission aboard the SpaceX Dragon capsule, enriched with a suite of German-led scientific experiments, represents not only a new chapter for ESA's involvement in commercial space missions but also a significant contribution to space science. As Wandt prepares for this historic journey, the space community eagerly anticipates the insights and advancements that will emerge from his groundbreaking work aboard the ISS.
]]>Time (seconds) | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C)
-------------------------------------------------------
0 | 0.00 | 0.0
209 | 3.48 | 9.99
418 | 6.97 | 19.97
627 | 10.45 | 29.96
836 | 13.93 | 39.94
1045 | 17.42 | 49.93
1254 | 20.90 | 59.91
1463 | 24.38 | 69.90
1672 | 27.87 | 79.89
1881 | 31.35 | 89.87
2090 | 34.83 | 99.86
I wonder if ChatGPT4 can improve the format of the output even further.
ChatGPT4 confirmed that NewMars FluxBB is using proportional font instead of the fixed width font used by ChatGPT4 for the table.
Here is another attempt to compensate for the proportional font:
Time (seconds) | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C)
-------------------------------------------------
0 | 0.00 | 0.0
209 | 3.48 | 9.99
418 | 6.97 | 19.97
627 | 10.45 | 29.96
836 | 13.93 | 39.94
1045 | 17.42 | 49.93
1254 | 20.90 | 59.91
1463 | 24.38 | 69.90
1672 | 27.87 | 79.89
1881 | 31.35 | 89.87
2090 | 34.83 | 99.86
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]]>User
Thank you! The table is nearly ready for presentation! Please add a title: Temperature rise of 100 liters of water, and under the table, please add an explanation: Adding 20,000 joules per second to 100 liters of water. Finally, please note that the water is liquid at all points in the process.ChatGPT
Here's the finalized table with the requested title, explanation, and note:Title: Temperature Rise of 100 Liters of Water
Time (seconds) | Time (minutes) | Temperature (°C)
-------------------------------------------------------
0 | 0.00 | 0.0
209 | 3.48 | 9.99
418 | 6.97 | 19.97
627 | 10.45 | 29.96
836 | 13.93 | 39.94
1045 | 17.42 | 49.93
1254 | 20.90 | 59.91
1463 | 24.38 | 69.90
1672 | 27.87 | 79.89
1881 | 31.35 | 89.87
2090 | 34.83 | 99.86Explanation: Adding 20,000 joules per second to 100 liters of water.
Note: The water remains in a liquid state throughout the entire process.
This table clearly shows the gradual increase in temperature of 100 liters of water as a result of continuously adding 20,000 joules of energy per second. It's important to note that the water stays in its liquid form during the entire heating process, up to near boiling temperatures.
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]]>Searching for axions with the ATLAS detector
https://phys.org/news/2023-12-axions-at … ector.html
https://www.yahoo.com/news/starships-33 … 06508.html
THE WARZONE
Starship's 33 Engines Created The Mother Of All 'Shock Diamonds'Oliver Parken
Mon, November 20, 2023 at 8:27 PM EST·7 min readShock diamonds from Starship's rocket exhaust
SpaceX’s massive Starship rocket lifted off for its second test flight over the weekend. Among the stunning imagery and video to have emerged from the launch that caught our attention was the sight of its super-heavy rocket booster generating gargantuan "mach diamonds" or "shock diamonds." What’s particularly impressive is how the rocket booster’s 33 Raptor engines combined to create a perfectly formed mach diamond as the stack lifted off the pad.
Given how incredible this example of physics visualized on a grand scale looks in the photos, we thought it was an opportune moment to dig deeper into the science behind them, as well as explain what makes their unique appearance during the recent Starship test launch so intriguing.
https://twitter.com/johnkrausphotos/sta … 5276195266
The 'Starship' system, comprised of a super-heavy rocket booster and spacecraft, took off from SpaceX’s Starbase facility near Boca Chica Beach in South Texas on November 18. In a significant development for SpaceX, and in comparison to the first Starship test launch in April, the rocket booster was successfully able to separate from the spacecraft. This was before the rocket booster exploded over the Gulf of Mexico at an altitude of 91 miles (148 kilometers). Moreover, contact was lost with the spacecraft after it reached space, with the company having to trigger its self-destruct feature shortly thereafter. Eventually, Space X intends for its Starship system to carry crew and cargo to Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars and beyond.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iv5AMNYGql4 https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/17258 … 50297?s=20
https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/17263 … 25050?s=20
While mach diamonds are more commonly seen when high-performance jets are in afterburner, Starships’ case is a unique as this phenomena was the culmination of 33 rocket engines firing in unison.
SR-71B seen during takeoff in 1992 with mach diamonds to its exhaust plume. <em>NASA </em>
F-16 in full afterburner, a string of shock diamonds emanating from its F100 turbofan. <em>Tech. Sgt. Caycee Cook</em>/<em>USAF</em>
F-16 in full afterburner, a string of shock diamonds emanating from its F100 turbofan. Tech. Sgt. Caycee Cook/USAF
Its super-heavy rocket booster's 33 engines includes 13 in the center and 20 surrounding the perimeter of the booster’s business end. Burning methane with liquid oxygen, the rocket booster is capable of creating a mind-boggling 16.7 million pounds of thrust, more than double the power of NASA’s Apollo-era Saturn V super-heavy rocket.
Starship rocket booster's 33 Raptor Vaccum engines. <em>SpaceX via X/Twitter</em>
In order to understand how the shock diamonds were produced during the Starship launch, we reached out to Dr. Chris Combs (@DrChrisCombs), the Dee Howard endowed assistant professor of aerodynamics at the University of Texas at San Antonio’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. Dr. Combs began by explaining how mach diamonds are formed in detail:
"Nature is always wanting to bring things back to equilibrium, in a sense, [to] kind of get things back to the way that they were in how they started," he said. "There are a lot of different processes in nature that work that way, and pressure differences is one of those."
"When you have something like a rocket, or a jet engine, that creates these really massive pressure differentials, relative to atmospheric air… physics is going to want to change that, and it's going to want to match those values up somehow. And if the pressure differentials are large enough, the only way that that can happen is with a shock wave or an expansion fan. And so these are compressible flow features, and waves that show up when basically you have a very large imbalance of pressure between two masses of air."
Schematic illustrating exhaust efficiency for rocket nozzles. <em>Thomas van t Klooster</em>
"At sea level, when you have a rocket launch, the exhaust that's coming out of the rocket is lower than atmospheric pressure… [resulting in] very high chamber pressures. But then you actually expand that gas through a converging divergent nozzle, to accelerate it to very high speed, because that gives you thrust. So you're trying to accelerate that exhaust as fast as you can. And when you do that, the energy that was there in terms of pressure, gets… transferred to velocity and momentum. And so you're getting that thrust out, but you're losing pressure in the process. So that gas comes out lower than atmospheric pressure, when it comes out of rocket exhausts. And it's low enough where… the only way that that can be matched to atmospheric pressure is with a shockwave, and so the air gets processed through the shockwave."
"The reason you see a diamond pattern," he indicated, "is because the angle of that shockwave is going to be determined, really just by [the] pressure ratio."
Combs went on to explain why Starships’ 33 Raptor engines were capable of forming single mach diamonds during the launch.
"When you typically see a shock diamond or a mach diamond, it can be from like a jet engine test, or a single rocket nozzle test. [When you] look at those up close… you see the same shock diamond effect on the smaller scale."
"But what was interesting, specifically about this case [the second Starship launch], is you had 33 engines firing together, which you would kind of intuitively think would make for a pretty messy environment. I think close up [this] is probably true, there's some complicated dynamics happening there."
https://twitter.com/DrChrisCombs/status … 74003?s=20
"[When] you zoom out far enough, and really, what it boils down to is they're [the 33 engines, are] acting like one engine. And so you have a region of low pressure caused by all of these engines working together. And that forms this larger mach diamond structure, sort of in the far field, as you zoom out. So you have all these little mini mach diamonds from each one of those engines that's generated… That is especially unique, because there aren't very many rockets… that tried to function with this many rocket nozzles pack that closely together… the closest comp[arison] being the Soviet N1."
Soviet N1 Rocket showing the 30 rocket engines of its first stage. <em>Unknown author</em>
It should be noted that images taken from the launch also show additional diamonds forming a string, which can be seen below. "What you will notice, if you watch a rocket launch, as that rocket goes up in the air… [is] that angle is going to slowly change over time," Combs noted.
Multiple, individual mach diamonds seen during Starship's launch. <em>SpaceX via X/Twitter</em>
"And it's actually going to slowly go basically towards parallel with the rocket body. As the rocket goes up, that atmospheric pressure is going to drop because you're going higher up in altitude. And so that shock angle gets thinner as the rocket goes up until eventually the rocket exhaust is just going straight up and down, and you don't see any type of diamond effect. And that's… what we call a perfectly expanded exhaust. Because… the exhaust pressure is exactly what the ambient pressure is outside."
During our exchange, Combs also urged people to think of the recent test, which has been reported by some outlets as a failure, more holistically.
"I think people get frustrated sometimes when I say it's a long ways away," he noted of Starship. "But you have to understand… this is a relatively immature technology right now, that's going to take years to figure out versus [if] it's never going to work. I don't necessarily think it's never going to work. I think that there are some really big hurdles that those engineers have to overcome. And it's going to take time. So I think people need to kind of level expectations a little bit, but it's definitely an interesting project to follow that's extremely ambitious and high risk."
So there you have it, an in-depth look at the gargantuan shock diamonds and why their merged appearance during Starship’s second test flight is so unique. A special thanks to Dr. Chris Combs for taking the time to provide us with such wonderful insight on this topic.
Contact the author: oliver@thewarzone.com
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]]>https://www.universetoday.com/162239/ic … milky-way/
We’ve seen the Milky Way with ultraviolet eyes, through x-ray vision, gamma-ray views, radio emissions, microwaves, and visible light. Now, consider a neutrino point of view. Thanks to the IceCube Collaboration, we get to see our home galaxy through the lens of this mysterious particle.
It’s an eerie sight that also tells us our galaxy isn’t quite like the others. It’s a neutrino desert.
Scientists have finally 'heard' the chorus of gravitational waves that ripple through the universe
https://apnews.com/article/gravitationa … 2baf7f818a
15 Years of Radio Data Reveals Evidence of Space-Time Murmur
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/15-years- … ime-murmur
Scientists find Key Evidence for existence of nanohertz gravitational waves
https://phys.org/news/2023-06-scientist … ional.html
The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) will be making a major announcement during a live-streamed event!
This is in coordination with results being released by other PTAs around the globe.
https://nanograv.org/news/2023Announcement
The announcement will be broadcast live on YouTube from the National Science Foundation (NSF), and will report on NANOGrav’s ongoing search for low-frequency gravitational waves.
]]>Thousands Of Structures Found In Space Baffles Scientists
https://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/sci/s … y-way.html
Paper on a possibility an outflow from material being eaten by the black hole in the center of the milky way
]]>https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Phot … n_999.html
The meticulous research reported is similar to the quantum vs gravity study, in that the researchers were working with individual particles. In this case, they were working with individual photos, although a lot of them were used in the study.
Details that popped out included:
An estimate that only 1000 solar photons reach an individual chlorophyll molecule in a period of time (which I've already forgotten).
Photons that initiate the photosynthetic reaction are 800 nanometers in wavelength, and the photon emitted after energy is transferred to an electron is 850 nanometers.
I deduce that the entire web of life on Earth arises from that tiny transfer of energy.
The electron set into motion by the single photon triggers a chain of events that lead to formation of simple sugar molecules.
After all, the sun doesn't provide that many photons - only a thousand photons arrive at a single chlorophyll molecule per second on a sunny day - yet the process occurs reliably across the planet.
That was still a question that needed to be answered in detail," said co-lead author Graham Fleming, a senior faculty scientist in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley.
In their study, Fleming, co-lead author Birgitta Whaley, a senior faculty scientist in the Energy Sciences Area at Berkeley Lab, and their research groups showed that a single photon can indeed initiate the first step of photosynthesis in photosynthetic purple bacteria.
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