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Currently, there is no study about the amount of soil radiation based on different soil profile. If there is a result, it will help us how deep we should get a radiation-free Martian soil.
The worries for me in Martian soil is the radiation and perchlorates.
It is not feasible to make a factory in Mars or transporting a soil material in Mars. All we need to do is to utilize what you have inside the Martian colony.
If we talk space horticulture, I recommend Dwarf Plum Tree developed by NASA as a source of food.
I was interested in dwarf rice, I don't know if they continue their research on dwarf crops.
The best thing to do is to engineer a bacteria which could convert a martian CO2 into a precursor reagent for rocket fuel. I hope this is possible.
To increase the soil fertility in Mars in a feasible way, I recommend human manure as a source of nutrients, planting legumes for increasing nitrates in soil, and inoculation of 'Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria" (or PGPR) to enhance the growth and yield performance of crop plants.
This topic is interesting. I will try to make a paper on this topic.
Biomes will appear once the Mars are already terraformed. Types of biomes will be distributed based on their latitudinal gradient.
I agree on Mushroom but make sure, before transporting mushroom in Mars, it is not contaminated with other fungal species which could cause a disease in mushrooms, plants, and humans.
How would you manage the nutrient flow in Martian greenhouse? Nutrients are limited in space. What technique will you do to obtain nutrients for plants? It is expensive to bring the nutrient solution from Earth to Mars.
For a while, the best thing to do is to identify the microbes thrive in perchlorate contaminated soil in Earth. Next, is to screen the identified microbes based on their chemosynthetic microbial activity. There is a study about the chemosynthetic microbial activity but it was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent side.
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com … /92JB01556
The results of the study could be used as a basis for remediating the Martian soil using microbes to remove the perchlorate and used the Martian soil for agricultural purposes.
Currently, I am working my research about effects of biofertilizer in crops under cadmium stress. Remember, there is a presence of cadmium based on the study about Martian meteorite.
For a while, we need to study the physiological response of crop plants in perchlorate. The results will be helpful for the next study by screening a gene which is helpful to make a new breed of plants tolerate in perchlorate-rich soil. Perchlorate-tolerant crop plants could grow in Martian soil and help to scrub the Martian CO2.
The feasible source of protein is to look for a crop produced a high content of protein, and they have high water- and nutrient-use efficiency. Sending pigs in Mars is doesn't look feasible for me this time.